Mina Amin, BS

Psoriasis is a chronic skin condition affecting approximately 2% to 3% of the population.^1,2 Beyond cutaneous manifestations, psoriasis is a systemic inflammatory state that is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease, including obesity,^3,4 type 2 diabetes mellitus,^5,6 hypertension,⁵ dyslipidemia,^3,7 metabolic syndrome,⁷ atherosclerosis,⁸ peripheral vascular disease,⁹ coronary artery calcification,¹⁰ myocardial infarction,^11-13 stroke,^9,14 and cardiac death.^15,16

Psoriasis also has been associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), possibly because of similar autoimmune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of both diseases.^17,18 However, there is no literature regarding the risk for acute gastrointestinal pathologies such as appendicitis, cholecystitis, or diverticulitis in patients with psoriasis.

The primary objective of this study was to examine if patients with psoriasis are at increased risk for appendicitis, cholecystitis, or diverticulitis compared to the general population. The secondary objective was to determine if patients with severe psoriasis (ie, patients treated with phototherapy or systemic therapy) are at a higher risk for these conditions compared to patients with mild psoriasis.

Methods

Patients and Tools
A descriptive, population-based cohort study design with controls from a matched cohort was used to ascertain the effect of psoriasis status on patients’ risk for appendicitis, cholecystitis, or diverticulitis. Our cohort was selected using administrative data from Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC) during the study period (January 1, 2004, through December 31, 2016).

Kaiser Permanente Southern California is a large integrated health maintenance organization that includes approximately 4 million patients as of December 31, 2016, and includes roughly 20% of the region’s population. The geographic area served extends from Bakersfield in the lower California Central Valley to San Diego on the border with Mexico. Membership demographics, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity composition are representative of California.

Patients were included if they had a diagnosis of psoriasis (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification [ICD-9-CM] code 696.1; International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification [ICD-10-CM] codes L40.0, L40.4, L40.8, or L40.9) for at least 3 visits between January 1, 2004, and December 31, 2016. Patients were not excluded if they also had a diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis (ICD-9-CM code 696.0; ICD-10-CM code L40.5x). Patients also must have been continuously enrolled for at least 1 year before and 1 year after the index date, which was defined as the date of the third psoriasis diagnosis.

Each patient with psoriasis was assigned to 1 of 2 cohorts: (1) severe psoriasis: patients who received UVB phototherapy, psoralen plus UVA phototherapy, methotrexate, acitretin, cyclosporine, apremilast, etanercept, adalimumab, infliximab, ustekinumab, efalizumab, alefacept, secukinumab, or ixekizumab during the study period; and (2) mild psoriasis: patients who had a diagnosis of psoriasis who did not receive one of these therapies during the study period.

Patients were excluded if they had a history of appendicitis, cholecystitis, or diverticulitis at any time before the index date. Only patients older than 18 years were included.

Patients with psoriasis were frequency matched (1:5) with healthy patients, also from the KPSC network. Individuals were matched by age, sex, and ethnicity.

Statistical Analysis
Baseline characteristics were described with means and SD for continuous variables as well as percentages for categorical variables. Chi-square tests for categorical variables and the Mann-Whitney U Test for continuous variables were used to compare the patients’ characteristics by psoriasis status. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to examine the risk for appendicitis, cholecystitis, or diverticulitis among patients with and without psoriasis and among patients with mild and severe psoriasis. Proportionality assumption was validated using Pearson product moment correlation between the scaled Schoenfeld residuals and log transformed time for each covariate.

Results were presented as crude (unadjusted) hazard ratios (HRs) and adjusted HRs, where confounding factors (ie, age, sex, ethnicity, body mass index [BMI], alcohol use, smoking status, income, education, and membership length) were adjusted. All tests were performed with SAS EG 5.1 and R software. P<.05 was considered statistically significant. Results are reported with the 95% confidence interval (CI), when appropriate.

Results

A total of 1,690,214 KPSC patients were eligible for the study; 10,307 (0.6%) met diagnostic and inclusion criteria for the psoriasis cohort. Patients with psoriasis had a significantly higher mean BMI (29.9 vs 28.7; P<.0001) as well as higher mean rates of alcohol use (56% vs 53%; P<.0001) and smoking (47% vs 38%; P<.01) compared to controls. Psoriasis patients had a shorter average duration of membership within the Kaiser network (P=.0001) compared to controls.

A total of 7416 patients met criteria for mild psoriasis and 2891 patients met criteria for severe psoriasis (eTable). Patients with severe psoriasis were significantly younger and had significantly higher mean BMI compared to patients with mild psoriasis (P<.0001 and P=.0001, respectively). No significant difference in rates of alcohol or tobacco use was detected among patients with mild and severe psoriasis.

Diverticulitis
Patients with psoriasis had a significantly greater prevalence of diverticulitis compared to the control cohort (5.1% vs 4.2%; P<.0001). There was no difference in prevalence between the severe psoriasis group and the mild psoriasis group (P=.96), but the time to diagnosis of diverticulitis was shorter in the severe psoriasis group than in the mild psoriasis group (7.2 years vs 7.9 years; P<.0001). Psoriasis patients had an incidence rate of diverticulitis of 6.61 per 1000 patient-years compared to 5.38 per 1000 patient-years in the control group. Psoriasis conferred a higher risk for diverticulitis in both the crude and adjusted models (HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.11-1.35 [P<.001] and HR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.05-1.29; [P<.01], respectively)(Table 3); however, when stratified by disease severity, only patients with severe psoriasis were found to be at higher risk (HR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.15-1.61; P<.001 for the adjusted model).

Comment

The objective of this study was to examine the background risks for specific gastrointestinal pathologies in a large cohort of patients with psoriasis compared to the general population. After adjusting for measured confounders, patients with severe psoriasis had a significantly higher risk of diverticulitis compared to the general population. Although more patients with severe psoriasis developed appendicitis or cholecystitis, the difference was not significant.

The pathogenesis of diverticulosis and diverticulitis has been thought to be related to increased intracolonic pressure and decreased dietary fiber intake, leading to formation of diverticula in the colon.¹⁹ Our study did not correct for differences in diet between the 2 groups, making it a possible confounding variable. Studies evaluating dietary habits of psoriatic patients have found that adult males with psoriasis might consume less fiber compared to healthy patients,²⁰ and psoriasis patients also might consume less whole-grain fiber.²¹ Furthermore, fiber deficiency also might affect gut flora, causing low-grade chronic inflammation,¹⁸ which also has been supported by response to anti-inflammatory medications such as mesalazine.²² Given the autoimmune association between psoriasis and IBD, it is possible that psoriasis also might create an environment of chronic inflammation in the gut, predisposing patients with psoriasis to diverticulitis. However, further research is needed to better evaluate this possibility.

Our study also does not address any potential effects on outcomes of specific treatments for psoriasis. Brandl et al²³ found that patients on immunosuppressive therapy for autoimmune diseases had longer hospital and intensive care unit stays, higher rates of emergency operations, and higher mortality while hospitalized. Because our results suggest that patients with severe psoriasis, who are therefore more likely to require treatment with an immunomodulator, are at higher risk for diverticulitis, these patients also might be at risk for poorer outcomes.

There is no literature evaluating the relationship between psoriasis and appendicitis. Our study found a slightly lower incidence rate compared to the national trend (9.38 per 10,000 patient-years in the United States in 2008) in both healthy patients and psoriasis patients.²⁴ Of note, this statistic includes children, whereas our study did not, which might in part account for the lower rate. However, Cheluvappa et al²⁵ hypothesized a relationship between appendicitis and subsequent appendectomy at a young age and protection against IBD. They also found that the mechanism for protection involves downregulation of the helper T cell (T_H17) pathway,²⁵ which also has been found to play a role in psoriasis pathogenesis.^26,27 Although our results suggest that the risk for appendicitis is not increased for patients with psoriasis, further research might be able to determine if appendicitis and subsequent appendectomy also can offer protection against development of psoriasis.

We found that patients with severe psoriasis had a higher incidence rate of cholecystitis compared to patients with mild psoriasis. Egeberg et al²⁸ found an increased risk for cholelithiasis among patients with psoriasis, which may contribute to a higher rate of cholecystitis. Although both acute and chronic cholecystitis were incorporated in this study, a Russian study found that chronic cholecystitis may be a predictor of progression of psoriasis.²⁹ Moreover, patients with severe psoriasis had a shorter duration to diagnosis of cholecystitis than patients with mild psoriasis. It is possible that patients with severe psoriasis are in a state of greater chronic inflammation than those with mild psoriasis, and therefore, when combined with other risk factors for cholecystitis, may progress to disease more quickly. Alternatively, this finding could be treatment related, as there have been reported cases of cholecystitis related to etanercept use in patients treated for psoriasis and juvenile polyarticular rheumatoid arthritis.^30,31 The relationship is not yet well defined, however, and further research is necessary to evaluate this association.

Study Strengths
Key strengths of this study include the large sample size and diversity of the patient population. Kaiser Permanente Southern California membership generally is representative of the broader community, making our results fairly generalizable to populations with health insurance. Use of a matched control cohort allows the results to be more specific to the disease of interest, and the population-based design minimizes bias.

Study Limitations
This study has several limitations. Although the cohorts were categorized based on type of treatment received, exact therapies were not specified. As a retrospective study, it is difficult to control for potential confounding variables that are not included in the electronic medical record. The results of this study also demonstrated significantly shorter durations to diagnosis of all 3 conditions, indicating that surveillance bias may be present.

Conclusion

Patients with psoriasis may be at an increased risk for diverticulitis compared to patients without psoriasis, which could be due to the chronic inflammatory state induced by psoriasis. Therefore, it may be beneficial for clinicians to evaluate psoriasis patients for other risk factors for diverticulitis and subsequently provide counseling to these patients to minimize their risk for diverticulitis. Psoriasis patients do not appear to be at an increased risk for appendicitis or cholecystitis compared to controls; however, further research is needed for confirmation.

Psoriasis is a chronic skin condition affecting approximately 2% to 3% of the population.^1,2 Beyond cutaneous manifestations, psoriasis is a systemic inflammatory state that is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease, including obesity,^3,4 type 2 diabetes mellitus,^5,6 hypertension,⁵ dyslipidemia,^3,7 metabolic syndrome,⁷ atherosclerosis,⁸ peripheral vascular disease,⁹ coronary artery calcification,¹⁰ myocardial infarction,^11-13 stroke,^9,14 and cardiac death.^15,16

Psoriasis also has been associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), possibly because of similar autoimmune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of both diseases.^17,18 However, there is no literature regarding the risk for acute gastrointestinal pathologies such as appendicitis, cholecystitis, or diverticulitis in patients with psoriasis.

The primary objective of this study was to examine if patients with psoriasis are at increased risk for appendicitis, cholecystitis, or diverticulitis compared to the general population. The secondary objective was to determine if patients with severe psoriasis (ie, patients treated with phototherapy or systemic therapy) are at a higher risk for these conditions compared to patients with mild psoriasis.

Methods

Patients and Tools
A descriptive, population-based cohort study design with controls from a matched cohort was used to ascertain the effect of psoriasis status on patients’ risk for appendicitis, cholecystitis, or diverticulitis. Our cohort was selected using administrative data from Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC) during the study period (January 1, 2004, through December 31, 2016).

Kaiser Permanente Southern California is a large integrated health maintenance organization that includes approximately 4 million patients as of December 31, 2016, and includes roughly 20% of the region’s population. The geographic area served extends from Bakersfield in the lower California Central Valley to San Diego on the border with Mexico. Membership demographics, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity composition are representative of California.

Patients were included if they had a diagnosis of psoriasis (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification [ICD-9-CM] code 696.1; International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification [ICD-10-CM] codes L40.0, L40.4, L40.8, or L40.9) for at least 3 visits between January 1, 2004, and December 31, 2016. Patients were not excluded if they also had a diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis (ICD-9-CM code 696.0; ICD-10-CM code L40.5x). Patients also must have been continuously enrolled for at least 1 year before and 1 year after the index date, which was defined as the date of the third psoriasis diagnosis.

Each patient with psoriasis was assigned to 1 of 2 cohorts: (1) severe psoriasis: patients who received UVB phototherapy, psoralen plus UVA phototherapy, methotrexate, acitretin, cyclosporine, apremilast, etanercept, adalimumab, infliximab, ustekinumab, efalizumab, alefacept, secukinumab, or ixekizumab during the study period; and (2) mild psoriasis: patients who had a diagnosis of psoriasis who did not receive one of these therapies during the study period.

Patients were excluded if they had a history of appendicitis, cholecystitis, or diverticulitis at any time before the index date. Only patients older than 18 years were included.

Patients with psoriasis were frequency matched (1:5) with healthy patients, also from the KPSC network. Individuals were matched by age, sex, and ethnicity.

Statistical Analysis
Baseline characteristics were described with means and SD for continuous variables as well as percentages for categorical variables. Chi-square tests for categorical variables and the Mann-Whitney U Test for continuous variables were used to compare the patients’ characteristics by psoriasis status. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to examine the risk for appendicitis, cholecystitis, or diverticulitis among patients with and without psoriasis and among patients with mild and severe psoriasis. Proportionality assumption was validated using Pearson product moment correlation between the scaled Schoenfeld residuals and log transformed time for each covariate.

Results were presented as crude (unadjusted) hazard ratios (HRs) and adjusted HRs, where confounding factors (ie, age, sex, ethnicity, body mass index [BMI], alcohol use, smoking status, income, education, and membership length) were adjusted. All tests were performed with SAS EG 5.1 and R software. P<.05 was considered statistically significant. Results are reported with the 95% confidence interval (CI), when appropriate.

Results

A total of 1,690,214 KPSC patients were eligible for the study; 10,307 (0.6%) met diagnostic and inclusion criteria for the psoriasis cohort. Patients with psoriasis had a significantly higher mean BMI (29.9 vs 28.7; P<.0001) as well as higher mean rates of alcohol use (56% vs 53%; P<.0001) and smoking (47% vs 38%; P<.01) compared to controls. Psoriasis patients had a shorter average duration of membership within the Kaiser network (P=.0001) compared to controls.

A total of 7416 patients met criteria for mild psoriasis and 2891 patients met criteria for severe psoriasis (eTable). Patients with severe psoriasis were significantly younger and had significantly higher mean BMI compared to patients with mild psoriasis (P<.0001 and P=.0001, respectively). No significant difference in rates of alcohol or tobacco use was detected among patients with mild and severe psoriasis.

Diverticulitis
Patients with psoriasis had a significantly greater prevalence of diverticulitis compared to the control cohort (5.1% vs 4.2%; P<.0001). There was no difference in prevalence between the severe psoriasis group and the mild psoriasis group (P=.96), but the time to diagnosis of diverticulitis was shorter in the severe psoriasis group than in the mild psoriasis group (7.2 years vs 7.9 years; P<.0001). Psoriasis patients had an incidence rate of diverticulitis of 6.61 per 1000 patient-years compared to 5.38 per 1000 patient-years in the control group. Psoriasis conferred a higher risk for diverticulitis in both the crude and adjusted models (HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.11-1.35 [P<.001] and HR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.05-1.29; [P<.01], respectively)(Table 3); however, when stratified by disease severity, only patients with severe psoriasis were found to be at higher risk (HR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.15-1.61; P<.001 for the adjusted model).

Comment

The objective of this study was to examine the background risks for specific gastrointestinal pathologies in a large cohort of patients with psoriasis compared to the general population. After adjusting for measured confounders, patients with severe psoriasis had a significantly higher risk of diverticulitis compared to the general population. Although more patients with severe psoriasis developed appendicitis or cholecystitis, the difference was not significant.

The pathogenesis of diverticulosis and diverticulitis has been thought to be related to increased intracolonic pressure and decreased dietary fiber intake, leading to formation of diverticula in the colon.¹⁹ Our study did not correct for differences in diet between the 2 groups, making it a possible confounding variable. Studies evaluating dietary habits of psoriatic patients have found that adult males with psoriasis might consume less fiber compared to healthy patients,²⁰ and psoriasis patients also might consume less whole-grain fiber.²¹ Furthermore, fiber deficiency also might affect gut flora, causing low-grade chronic inflammation,¹⁸ which also has been supported by response to anti-inflammatory medications such as mesalazine.²² Given the autoimmune association between psoriasis and IBD, it is possible that psoriasis also might create an environment of chronic inflammation in the gut, predisposing patients with psoriasis to diverticulitis. However, further research is needed to better evaluate this possibility.

Our study also does not address any potential effects on outcomes of specific treatments for psoriasis. Brandl et al²³ found that patients on immunosuppressive therapy for autoimmune diseases had longer hospital and intensive care unit stays, higher rates of emergency operations, and higher mortality while hospitalized. Because our results suggest that patients with severe psoriasis, who are therefore more likely to require treatment with an immunomodulator, are at higher risk for diverticulitis, these patients also might be at risk for poorer outcomes.

There is no literature evaluating the relationship between psoriasis and appendicitis. Our study found a slightly lower incidence rate compared to the national trend (9.38 per 10,000 patient-years in the United States in 2008) in both healthy patients and psoriasis patients.²⁴ Of note, this statistic includes children, whereas our study did not, which might in part account for the lower rate. However, Cheluvappa et al²⁵ hypothesized a relationship between appendicitis and subsequent appendectomy at a young age and protection against IBD. They also found that the mechanism for protection involves downregulation of the helper T cell (T_H17) pathway,²⁵ which also has been found to play a role in psoriasis pathogenesis.^26,27 Although our results suggest that the risk for appendicitis is not increased for patients with psoriasis, further research might be able to determine if appendicitis and subsequent appendectomy also can offer protection against development of psoriasis.

We found that patients with severe psoriasis had a higher incidence rate of cholecystitis compared to patients with mild psoriasis. Egeberg et al²⁸ found an increased risk for cholelithiasis among patients with psoriasis, which may contribute to a higher rate of cholecystitis. Although both acute and chronic cholecystitis were incorporated in this study, a Russian study found that chronic cholecystitis may be a predictor of progression of psoriasis.²⁹ Moreover, patients with severe psoriasis had a shorter duration to diagnosis of cholecystitis than patients with mild psoriasis. It is possible that patients with severe psoriasis are in a state of greater chronic inflammation than those with mild psoriasis, and therefore, when combined with other risk factors for cholecystitis, may progress to disease more quickly. Alternatively, this finding could be treatment related, as there have been reported cases of cholecystitis related to etanercept use in patients treated for psoriasis and juvenile polyarticular rheumatoid arthritis.^30,31 The relationship is not yet well defined, however, and further research is necessary to evaluate this association.

Study Strengths
Key strengths of this study include the large sample size and diversity of the patient population. Kaiser Permanente Southern California membership generally is representative of the broader community, making our results fairly generalizable to populations with health insurance. Use of a matched control cohort allows the results to be more specific to the disease of interest, and the population-based design minimizes bias.

Study Limitations
This study has several limitations. Although the cohorts were categorized based on type of treatment received, exact therapies were not specified. As a retrospective study, it is difficult to control for potential confounding variables that are not included in the electronic medical record. The results of this study also demonstrated significantly shorter durations to diagnosis of all 3 conditions, indicating that surveillance bias may be present.

Conclusion

Patients with psoriasis may be at an increased risk for diverticulitis compared to patients without psoriasis, which could be due to the chronic inflammatory state induced by psoriasis. Therefore, it may be beneficial for clinicians to evaluate psoriasis patients for other risk factors for diverticulitis and subsequently provide counseling to these patients to minimize their risk for diverticulitis. Psoriasis patients do not appear to be at an increased risk for appendicitis or cholecystitis compared to controls; however, further research is needed for confirmation.

Psoriasis is a chronic skin condition affecting approximately 2% to 3% of the population.^1,2 Beyond cutaneous manifestations, psoriasis is a systemic inflammatory state that is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease, including obesity,^3,4 type 2 diabetes mellitus,^5,6 hypertension,⁵ dyslipidemia,^3,7 metabolic syndrome,⁷ atherosclerosis,⁸ peripheral vascular disease,⁹ coronary artery calcification,¹⁰ myocardial infarction,^11-13 stroke,^9,14 and cardiac death.^15,16

Psoriasis also has been associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), possibly because of similar autoimmune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of both diseases.^17,18 However, there is no literature regarding the risk for acute gastrointestinal pathologies such as appendicitis, cholecystitis, or diverticulitis in patients with psoriasis.

The primary objective of this study was to examine if patients with psoriasis are at increased risk for appendicitis, cholecystitis, or diverticulitis compared to the general population. The secondary objective was to determine if patients with severe psoriasis (ie, patients treated with phototherapy or systemic therapy) are at a higher risk for these conditions compared to patients with mild psoriasis.

Methods

Patients and Tools
A descriptive, population-based cohort study design with controls from a matched cohort was used to ascertain the effect of psoriasis status on patients’ risk for appendicitis, cholecystitis, or diverticulitis. Our cohort was selected using administrative data from Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC) during the study period (January 1, 2004, through December 31, 2016).

Kaiser Permanente Southern California is a large integrated health maintenance organization that includes approximately 4 million patients as of December 31, 2016, and includes roughly 20% of the region’s population. The geographic area served extends from Bakersfield in the lower California Central Valley to San Diego on the border with Mexico. Membership demographics, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity composition are representative of California.

Patients were included if they had a diagnosis of psoriasis (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification [ICD-9-CM] code 696.1; International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification [ICD-10-CM] codes L40.0, L40.4, L40.8, or L40.9) for at least 3 visits between January 1, 2004, and December 31, 2016. Patients were not excluded if they also had a diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis (ICD-9-CM code 696.0; ICD-10-CM code L40.5x). Patients also must have been continuously enrolled for at least 1 year before and 1 year after the index date, which was defined as the date of the third psoriasis diagnosis.

Each patient with psoriasis was assigned to 1 of 2 cohorts: (1) severe psoriasis: patients who received UVB phototherapy, psoralen plus UVA phototherapy, methotrexate, acitretin, cyclosporine, apremilast, etanercept, adalimumab, infliximab, ustekinumab, efalizumab, alefacept, secukinumab, or ixekizumab during the study period; and (2) mild psoriasis: patients who had a diagnosis of psoriasis who did not receive one of these therapies during the study period.

Patients were excluded if they had a history of appendicitis, cholecystitis, or diverticulitis at any time before the index date. Only patients older than 18 years were included.

Patients with psoriasis were frequency matched (1:5) with healthy patients, also from the KPSC network. Individuals were matched by age, sex, and ethnicity.

Statistical Analysis
Baseline characteristics were described with means and SD for continuous variables as well as percentages for categorical variables. Chi-square tests for categorical variables and the Mann-Whitney U Test for continuous variables were used to compare the patients’ characteristics by psoriasis status. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to examine the risk for appendicitis, cholecystitis, or diverticulitis among patients with and without psoriasis and among patients with mild and severe psoriasis. Proportionality assumption was validated using Pearson product moment correlation between the scaled Schoenfeld residuals and log transformed time for each covariate.

Results were presented as crude (unadjusted) hazard ratios (HRs) and adjusted HRs, where confounding factors (ie, age, sex, ethnicity, body mass index [BMI], alcohol use, smoking status, income, education, and membership length) were adjusted. All tests were performed with SAS EG 5.1 and R software. P<.05 was considered statistically significant. Results are reported with the 95% confidence interval (CI), when appropriate.

Results

A total of 1,690,214 KPSC patients were eligible for the study; 10,307 (0.6%) met diagnostic and inclusion criteria for the psoriasis cohort. Patients with psoriasis had a significantly higher mean BMI (29.9 vs 28.7; P<.0001) as well as higher mean rates of alcohol use (56% vs 53%; P<.0001) and smoking (47% vs 38%; P<.01) compared to controls. Psoriasis patients had a shorter average duration of membership within the Kaiser network (P=.0001) compared to controls.

A total of 7416 patients met criteria for mild psoriasis and 2891 patients met criteria for severe psoriasis (eTable). Patients with severe psoriasis were significantly younger and had significantly higher mean BMI compared to patients with mild psoriasis (P<.0001 and P=.0001, respectively). No significant difference in rates of alcohol or tobacco use was detected among patients with mild and severe psoriasis.

Diverticulitis
Patients with psoriasis had a significantly greater prevalence of diverticulitis compared to the control cohort (5.1% vs 4.2%; P<.0001). There was no difference in prevalence between the severe psoriasis group and the mild psoriasis group (P=.96), but the time to diagnosis of diverticulitis was shorter in the severe psoriasis group than in the mild psoriasis group (7.2 years vs 7.9 years; P<.0001). Psoriasis patients had an incidence rate of diverticulitis of 6.61 per 1000 patient-years compared to 5.38 per 1000 patient-years in the control group. Psoriasis conferred a higher risk for diverticulitis in both the crude and adjusted models (HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.11-1.35 [P<.001] and HR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.05-1.29; [P<.01], respectively)(Table 3); however, when stratified by disease severity, only patients with severe psoriasis were found to be at higher risk (HR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.15-1.61; P<.001 for the adjusted model).

Comment

The objective of this study was to examine the background risks for specific gastrointestinal pathologies in a large cohort of patients with psoriasis compared to the general population. After adjusting for measured confounders, patients with severe psoriasis had a significantly higher risk of diverticulitis compared to the general population. Although more patients with severe psoriasis developed appendicitis or cholecystitis, the difference was not significant.

The pathogenesis of diverticulosis and diverticulitis has been thought to be related to increased intracolonic pressure and decreased dietary fiber intake, leading to formation of diverticula in the colon.¹⁹ Our study did not correct for differences in diet between the 2 groups, making it a possible confounding variable. Studies evaluating dietary habits of psoriatic patients have found that adult males with psoriasis might consume less fiber compared to healthy patients,²⁰ and psoriasis patients also might consume less whole-grain fiber.²¹ Furthermore, fiber deficiency also might affect gut flora, causing low-grade chronic inflammation,¹⁸ which also has been supported by response to anti-inflammatory medications such as mesalazine.²² Given the autoimmune association between psoriasis and IBD, it is possible that psoriasis also might create an environment of chronic inflammation in the gut, predisposing patients with psoriasis to diverticulitis. However, further research is needed to better evaluate this possibility.

Our study also does not address any potential effects on outcomes of specific treatments for psoriasis. Brandl et al²³ found that patients on immunosuppressive therapy for autoimmune diseases had longer hospital and intensive care unit stays, higher rates of emergency operations, and higher mortality while hospitalized. Because our results suggest that patients with severe psoriasis, who are therefore more likely to require treatment with an immunomodulator, are at higher risk for diverticulitis, these patients also might be at risk for poorer outcomes.

There is no literature evaluating the relationship between psoriasis and appendicitis. Our study found a slightly lower incidence rate compared to the national trend (9.38 per 10,000 patient-years in the United States in 2008) in both healthy patients and psoriasis patients.²⁴ Of note, this statistic includes children, whereas our study did not, which might in part account for the lower rate. However, Cheluvappa et al²⁵ hypothesized a relationship between appendicitis and subsequent appendectomy at a young age and protection against IBD. They also found that the mechanism for protection involves downregulation of the helper T cell (T_H17) pathway,²⁵ which also has been found to play a role in psoriasis pathogenesis.^26,27 Although our results suggest that the risk for appendicitis is not increased for patients with psoriasis, further research might be able to determine if appendicitis and subsequent appendectomy also can offer protection against development of psoriasis.

We found that patients with severe psoriasis had a higher incidence rate of cholecystitis compared to patients with mild psoriasis. Egeberg et al²⁸ found an increased risk for cholelithiasis among patients with psoriasis, which may contribute to a higher rate of cholecystitis. Although both acute and chronic cholecystitis were incorporated in this study, a Russian study found that chronic cholecystitis may be a predictor of progression of psoriasis.²⁹ Moreover, patients with severe psoriasis had a shorter duration to diagnosis of cholecystitis than patients with mild psoriasis. It is possible that patients with severe psoriasis are in a state of greater chronic inflammation than those with mild psoriasis, and therefore, when combined with other risk factors for cholecystitis, may progress to disease more quickly. Alternatively, this finding could be treatment related, as there have been reported cases of cholecystitis related to etanercept use in patients treated for psoriasis and juvenile polyarticular rheumatoid arthritis.^30,31 The relationship is not yet well defined, however, and further research is necessary to evaluate this association.

Study Strengths
Key strengths of this study include the large sample size and diversity of the patient population. Kaiser Permanente Southern California membership generally is representative of the broader community, making our results fairly generalizable to populations with health insurance. Use of a matched control cohort allows the results to be more specific to the disease of interest, and the population-based design minimizes bias.

Study Limitations
This study has several limitations. Although the cohorts were categorized based on type of treatment received, exact therapies were not specified. As a retrospective study, it is difficult to control for potential confounding variables that are not included in the electronic medical record. The results of this study also demonstrated significantly shorter durations to diagnosis of all 3 conditions, indicating that surveillance bias may be present.

Conclusion

Patients with psoriasis may be at an increased risk for diverticulitis compared to patients without psoriasis, which could be due to the chronic inflammatory state induced by psoriasis. Therefore, it may be beneficial for clinicians to evaluate psoriasis patients for other risk factors for diverticulitis and subsequently provide counseling to these patients to minimize their risk for diverticulitis. Psoriasis patients do not appear to be at an increased risk for appendicitis or cholecystitis compared to controls; however, further research is needed for confirmation.

Psoriasis is a chronic, autoimmune-mediated disease estimated to affect 2.8% of the US population.¹ The pathogenesis of psoriasis is thought to involve a complex process triggered by a combination of genetic and environmental factors that induce tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α secretion by keratinocytes, which in turn activates dendritic cells. Activated dendritic cells produce IL-23, leading to helper T cell (T_H17) differentiation.^2,3 T_H17 cells secrete IL-17A, which has been shown to promote psoriatic skin changes.⁴ Therefore, TNF-α, IL-23, and IL-17A have been recognized as key targets for psoriasis therapy.

The newest biologic agents targeting IL-17–mediated pathways include ixekizumab, brodalumab, and bimekizumab. Secukinumab, the first US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved IL-17 inhibitor, has been available since 2015 and therefore is not included in this review. IL-23 inhibitors that are FDA approved or being evaluated in clinical trials include guselkumab, tildrakizumab, and risankizumab. In addition, certolizumab pegol, a TNF-α inhibitor, is being studied for use in psoriasis.

METHODS

We reviewed the published results of phase 3 clinical trials for ixekizumab, brodalumab, bimekizumab, guselkumab, tildrakizumab, risankizumab, and certolizumab pegol. We performed an English-language literature search (January 1, 2012 to October 15, 2017) of articles indexed for PubMed/MEDLINE using the following combinations of keywords: IL-23 and psoriasis; IL-17 and psoriasis; tumor necrosis factor and psoriasis; [drug name] and psoriasis. If data from phase 3 clinical trials were not yet available, data from phase 2 clinical trials were incorporated in our analysis. We also reviewed citations within articles to identify relevant sources.

RESULTS

Phase 3 clinical trial design, efficacy, and adverse events (AEs) for ixekizumab and brodalumab are reported in eTable 1^5-10 and for guselkumab and tildrakizumab in eTable 2.^11-14 Phase 2 clinical trial design, efficacy, and AEs are presented for risankizumab in eTable 3^15-18 and for certolizumab pegol in eTable 4.^17,19 No published clinical trial data were found for bimekizumab.

IL-17 Inhibitors

Ixekizumab
This recombinant, high-affinity IgG4κ antibody selectively binds and neutralizes IL-17A.^5,6 Three phase 3 clinical trials—UNCOVER-1, UNCOVER-2, and UNCOVER-3—evaluated ixekizumab for moderate to severe plaque psoriasis.⁷

The 3 UNCOVER trials were randomized, double-blind, phase 3 trials of 1296, 1224, and 1346 patients, respectively, assigned to a placebo group; a group treated with ixekizumab 80 mg every 2 weeks; and a group treated with ixekizumab 80 mg every 4 weeks. Both ixekizumab groups received a loading dose of 160 mg at week 0.^5,6 UNCOVER-2 and UNCOVER-3 also included a comparator group of patients on etanercept 50 mg.⁵ Co-primary end points included the percentage of patients reaching a psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) of 75 and with a static physician global assessment (PGA) score of clear (0) or almost clear (1) at week 12.^5,6

Ixekizumab achieved greater efficacy than placebo: 89.1%, 89.7%, and 87.3% of patients achieved PASI 75 in the every 2-week dosing group, and 82.6%, 77.5% and 84.2% achieved PASI 75 in the every 4-week dosing group in UNCOVER-1, UNCOVER-2, and UNCOVER-3, respectively (P<.001 for both treatment arms compared to placebo in all trials). The percentage of patients achieving a static PGA score of 0 or 1 also was higher in the ixekizumab groups in the 2-week and 4-week dosing groups in all UNCOVER trials—81.8% and 76.4% in UNCOVER-1, 83.2% and 72.9% in UNCOVER-2, and 80.5% and 75.4% in UNCOVER-3—compared to 3.2%, 2.4%, and 6.7% in the placebo groups of the 3 trials (P<.001 for both ixekizumab groups compared to placebo in all trials).^5,6 Ixekizumab also was found to be more effective than etanercept for both co-primary end points in both UNCOVER-2 and UNCOVER-3 (eTable 1).⁵

Safety data for all UNCOVER trials were pooled and reported.⁶ At week 12 the rate of at least 1 AE was 58.4% in patients on ixekizumab every 2 weeks and 58.8% in patients on ixekizumab every 4 weeks compared to 54.0% in the etanercept group in UNCOVER-2 and UNCOVER-3 and 46.8% in the placebo group. At week 12, 72 nonfatal serious AEs were reported: 12 in the placebo group, 14 in the etanercept group, 20 in the ixekizumab every 2 weeks group, and 26 in the ixekizumab every 4 weeks group.⁶

The most common AE across all groups was nasopharyngitis. Overall, infections were more frequent in patients treated with ixekizumab than in patients treated with placebo or etanercept. Specifically, oral candidiasis occurred more frequently in the ixekizumab groups, with a higher rate in the 2-week dosing group than in the 4-week dosing group.⁶ Two myocardial infarctions (MIs) occurred: 1 in the etanercept group and 1 in the placebo group.⁵

Brodalumab
This human monoclonal antibody binds to IL-17ra.^8,9 Three double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials—AMAGINE-1, AMAGINE-2, and AMAGINE-3—evaluated its use for plaque psoriasis.¹⁰

In AMAGINE-1 (N=661), patients were randomized to receive brodalumab 140 mg or 210 mg (every 2 weeks for 12 weeks), or placebo.⁸ In AMAGINE-2 (N=1831) and AMAGINE-3 (N=1881), patients were randomized to receive brodalumab 140 mg or 210 mg (every 2 weeks for 12 weeks), ustekinumab 45 mg or 90 mg by weight (at weeks 0 and 4, then every 12 weeks thereafter), or placebo. In all trials, patients on brodalumab received a dose at week 0 and week 1. Co-primary end points were PASI 75 and a static PGA score of 0 or 1 at 12 weeks compared to placebo and to ustekinumab (in AMAGINE-2 and AMAGINE-3 only).⁸

At week 12, 83.3%, 86.3%, and 85.1% of patients on brodalumab 210 mg, and 60.3%, 66.6%, and 69.2% of patients on brodalumab 140 mg, achieved PASI 75 in AMAGINE-1, AMAGINE-2, and AMAGINE-3, respectively, compared to 2.7%, 8.1%, and 6.0% in the placebo groups (P<.001 between both brodalumab groups and placebo in all trials).⁸ Both brodalumab groups were noninferior but not significantly superior to ustekinumab, which achieved a PASI 75 of 70.0% in AMAGINE-2 and 69.3% in AMAGINE-3. The PASI 90 rate was higher, however, in both brodalumab groups compared to ustekinumab but significance was not reported (eTable 1).⁹ For both brodalumab groups, significantly more patients achieved a static PGA value of 0 or 1 compared to placebo (P<.001 across all trials). However, only the brodalumab 210-mg group achieved a significantly higher rate of static PGA 0 or 1 compared to ustekinumab in AMAGINE-2 and AMAGINE-3 (P<.001).⁹

After 12 weeks, the percentage of patients reporting at least 1 AE was 59.0%, 57.8%, and 56.8% in the brodalumab 210-mg group in AMAGINE-1, AMAGINE-2, and AMAGINE-3, respectively; 58.0%, 60.1%, and 52.6% in the brodalumab 140-mg group; and 51.0%, 53.4%, and 48.6% in the placebo group. Patients taking ustekinumab had an AE rate of 59.0% in AMAGINE-2 and 53.7% in AMAGINE-3. The most common AE was nasopharyngitis, followed by upper respiratory infection (URI) and headache across all trials.^8,9 Serious AEs were rare: 10 in AMAGINE-1, 31 in AMAGINE-2, and 24 in AMAGINE-3 across all groups. One death occurred from stroke in the brodalumab 210-mg group in AMAGINE-2.⁹

IL-23 Inhibitors

Guselkumab
This drug is a human IgG1κ antibody that binds to the p19 subunit of IL-23, thereby inhibiting IL-23 signaling.^11,12 Guselkumab was approved by the FDA in July 2017 for moderate to severe plaque psoriasis.¹³

VOYAGE 1 and VOYAGE 2 were phase 3, double-blind, placebo- and active comparator–controlled trials of 837 and 992 patients, respectively, randomized to receive adalimumab (80 mg at week 0 and 40 mg at week 1, then at 40 mg every 2 weeks thereafter), guselkumab 100 mg at weeks 0, 4, and 12, or placebo.¹¹ Co-primary end points for both trials were the percentage of patients reaching PASI 90 and an investigator global assessment (IGA) score of cleared (0) or minimal (1) at week 16.¹¹

By week 16 of both trials, PASI 90 values were statistically superior for guselkumab (VOYAGE 1, 73.3%; VOYAGE 2, 70.0%) compared to adalimumab (VOYAGE 1, 49.7%; VOYAGE 2, 46.8%) and placebo (VOYAGE 1, 2.9%; VOYAGE 2, 2.4%)(P<.001). Moreover, patients on guselkumab achieved a higher rate of IGA values of 0 and 1 at week 12 (85.1% in VOYAGE 1 and 84.1% in VOYAGE 2) than patients on adalimumab (65.9% in VOYAGE 1 and 67.7% in VOYAGE 2) and placebo (6.9% in VOYAGE 1 and 8.5% in VOYAGE 2)(P<.001).^11,12

The frequency of AEs was comparable across all groups in both trials.^11,12 During the 16-week treatment period, 51.7% and 47.6% of the guselkumab groups in VOYAGE 1 and VOYAGE 2, respectively; 51.1% and 48.4% of the adalimumab groups; and 49.4% and 44.8% of the placebo groups reported at least 1 AE. The most common AEs in all groups were nasopharyngitis, headache, and URI.^11,12

Serious AEs also occurred at similar rates: 2.4% and 1.6% in the guselkumab group in VOYAGE 1 and VOYAGE 2, respectively; 2.4% and 1.8% in the adalimumab group; and 1.7% and 1.2% in the placebo group.^11,12 One case of malignancy occurred in the VOYAGE 1 trial: basal cell carcinoma in the guselkumab group.¹¹ Three major cardiovascular events occurred across both trials: 1 MI in the guselkumab group in each trial and 1 MI in the adalimumab group in VOYAGE 1.^11,12

Tildrakizumab
A high-affinity, humanized IgG1κ antibody, tildrakizumab targets the p19 subunit of IL-23. As of February 2018, 2 double-blind, randomized phase 3 trials have studied tildrakizumab with published results: reSURFACE 1 and reSURFACE 2.¹⁴

reSURFACE 1 (N=772) and reSURFACE 2 (N=1090) randomized patients to receive tildrakizumab 100 or 200 mg (at weeks 0 and 4), etanercept 50 mg (twice weekly) for 12 weeks (reSURFACE 2 only), or placebo. Co-primary end points were the percentage of patients achieving PASI 75 and the percentage of patients achieving a PGA score of 0 or 1 at week 12.¹⁴

In reSURFACE 1, significantly more patients receiving tildrakizumab attained PASI 75 at week 12 compared to placebo: 200 mg, 62.0%; 100 mg, 64.0%; and placebo, 6.0% (P<.001 for tildrakizumab groups compared to placebo). Moreover, significantly proportionally more patients received a PGA score of 0 or 1 compared to placebo: 100 mg, 59%; 200 mg, 58.0%; placebo, 7.0% (P<.001 for both tildrakizumab groups compared to placebo).¹⁴

In reSURFACE 2, significantly more patients receiving tildrakizumab achieved PASI 75 compared to etanercept and placebo at week 12: 200 mg, 66.0%; 100mg, 61.0%; etanercept, 48.0%; placebo, 6.0% (P<.001 for both tildrakizumab groups compared to placebo; P<.05 for both tildrakizumab groups compared to etanercept). Additionally, significantly more patients in the tildrakizumab groups experienced a PGA score of 0 or 1 at week 12 compared to placebo: 200 mg, 59%; 100 mg, 55.0%; placebo, 5% (P<.001 for both tildrakizumab groups compared to placebo).¹⁴

Adverse events were reported at a similar rate across all groups. For reSURFACE 1 and reSURFACE 2, at least 1 AE by week 12 was reported by 42.2% and 45.2% of patients in the 200-mg group; 47.2% and 45.9% in the 100-mg group; and 48.1% and 55.1% in the placebo groups.¹⁴The most common AEs were nasopharyngitis, URI (reSURFACE 1), and erythema at the injection site (reSURFACE 2). One case of serious infection was reported in each of the tildrakizumab groups: 1 case of drug-related hypersensitivity reaction in the 200-mg group, and 1 major cardiovascular event in the 100-mg group of reSURFACE 1. There was 1 serious AE in reSURFACE 2 that led to death in which the cause was undetermined.¹⁴

Risankizumab
This humanized IgG1 antibody binds the p19 unit of IL-23.^15,16 The drug is undergoing 3 phase 3 trials—ultIMMa-1, ultIMMa-2, and IMMvent—for which only preliminary data have been published and are reported here.^16,17 There is 1 phase 2 randomized, dose-ranging trial with published data.¹⁵

ultIMMa-1 and ultIMMa-2 comprised 506 and 491 patients, respectively, randomized to receive risankizumab (150 mg at weeks 0, 4, and 16), ustekinumab (45 mg or 90 mg, by weight, at weeks 0, 4, and 16), or placebo. Co-primary end points were PASI 90 and a PGA score of 0 or 1 at week 16.¹⁷

In ultIMMa-1 and ultIMMa-2, 75.0% and 75.0% of patients on risankizumab 150 mg achieved PASI 90 compared to 42.0% and 48.0% on ustekinumab and 5.0% and 2.0% on placebo at 16 weeks (P<.001 between both placebo and ustekinumab in both trials).¹⁷ In both trials, patients receiving risankizumab achieved higher rates of a static PGA score of 0 or 1 (88.0% and 84.0%) compared to ustekinumab (63.0% and 62.0%) and placebo (8.0% and 5.0%) at 16 weeks (P<.001 for both trials).¹⁸

At week 16, 2.0% of patients on risankizumab reported a serious AE in both trials, compared to 8.0% and 3.0% of patients on ustekinumab and 3.0% and 1.0% on placebo. No new safety concerns were noted.¹⁷

In the phase 3 IMMvent trial, 605 patients were randomized to receive risankizumab (150 mg at weeks 0, 4, and 16) or adalimumab (80 mg at week 0, 40 mg at week 1, then 40 mg every 2 weeks). Co-primary end points were PASI 90 and a static PGA score of 0 or 1 at week 16.¹⁷

In IMMvent, risankizumab was significantly more effective than adalimumab for PASI 75 (risankizumab, 72.0%; adalimumab, 47.0%) and a static PGA score of 0 or 1 (risankizumab 84.0%; adalimumab, 60.0%) (P<.001 risankizumab compared to adalimumab for both end points).¹⁷

At week 16, serious AEs were reported in 3.0% of patients on risankizumab and 3.0% of patients on adalimumab. One patient receiving risankizumab died of an acute MI during the treatment phase.¹⁷

TNF Inhibitor

Certolizumab Pegol
Certolizumab pegol is a human PEGylated anti-TNF agent. In vitro studies have shown that certolizumab binds to soluble and membrane-bound TNF.¹⁹ Unlike other TNF inhibitors, certolizumab pegol is a Fab‘ portion of anti-TNF conjugated to a molecule of polyethylene glycol.¹⁹ The drug is approved in the United States for treating psoriatic arthritis, Crohn disease, and rheumatoid arthritis; its potential for treating psoriasis has been confirmed. Results of 1 phase 2 trial have been published¹⁹; data from 3 phase 3 trials are forthcoming.

This randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind phase 2 study comprised 176 patients who received certolizumab 200 mg, certolizumab 400 mg, or placebo. The dosing schedule was 400 mg at week 0, followed by either 200 or 400 mg every other week until week 10. Co-primary end points were PASI 75 and a PGA score of 0 or 1 at week 12.¹⁹

Certolizumab was significantly more effective than placebo at week 12: 74.6% of the 200-mg group and 82.8% of the 400-mg group achieved PASI 75 compared to 6.8% of the placebo group (P<.001). Certolizumab also performed better for the PGA score: 52.5% and 72.4% of patients attained a score of 0 or 1 in the 200-mg and 400-mg groups compared to 1.7% in the placebo group.¹⁹

Adverse events were reported equally across all groups: 72% of patients in the 200-mg group, 70% in the 400-mg group, and 71% in the placebo group reported at least 1 AE, most commonly nasopharyngitis, headache, and pruritis.¹⁹

COMMENT

With the development of new insights into the pathogenesis of psoriasis, therapies that are targeted toward key cytokines may contribute to improved management of the disease. The results of these clinical trials demonstrate numerous promising options for psoriatic patients.

IL-17 Inhibitors Ixekizumab and Brodalumab

When comparing these 2 biologics, it is important to consider that these studies were not performed head to head, thereby inhibiting direct comparisons. Moreover, dosage ranges of the investigative drugs were not identical, which also makes comparisons challenging. However, when looking at the highest dosages of ixekizumab and brodalumab, results indicate that ixekizumab may be slightly more effective than brodalumab based on the percentage of patients who achieved a PASI 75 and a static PGA score of 0 or 1 (eTable 1).

Phase 3 trials have shown ixekizumab to maintain efficacy over 60 weeks of treatment.⁶ Ixekizumab also has been shown to alleviate other symptoms of psoriasis, such as itching, pain, and nail involvement.^20,21 Furthermore, ixekizumab appears to be equally effective in patients with or without prior exposure to biologics²²; therefore, ixekizumab may benefit patients who have not experienced success with other biologics.

Across the UNCOVER trials, 11 cases of inflammatory bowel disease were reported in patients receiving ixekizumab (ulcerative colitis in 7; Crohn disease in 4)⁶; it appears that at least 3 of these cases were new diagnoses. In light of a study suggesting that IL-17A might have a protective function in the intestine,²³ these findings may have important clinical implications and require follow-up studies.

Brodalumab also has been shown to maintain efficacy and acceptable safety for as long as 120 weeks.²⁴ In the extension period of the AMAGINE-1 trial, patients who experienced a return of disease during a withdrawal period recaptured static PGA success with re-treatment for 12 weeks (re-treatment was successful in 97% of those given a dosage of 210 mg and in 84% of those given 140 mg).⁸

Furthermore, phase 2 trials also have shown that brodalumab is effective in patients with a history of biologic use.²⁵ Across all AMAGINE trials, only 1 case of Crohn disease was reported in a patient taking brodalumab.⁹ There are concerns about depression, despite data from AMAGINE-1 stating patients on brodalumab actually had greater improvements in Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale scores after 12 weeks of treatment (P<.001) for both brodalumab 140 mg and 210 mg compared to placebo.⁸ Regardless, brodalumab has a black-box warning for suicidal ideation and behavior, and availability is restricted through a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) program.²⁶

Bimekizumab

Although no phase 2 or phase 3 clinical trial data have been published for bimekizumab (phase 2 trials are underway), it has been shown in a phase 1 trial to be effective for psoriasis. Bimekizumab also is unique; it is the first dual inhibitor of IL-17A and IL-17F.¹⁸

IL-23 Inhibitors Guselkumab, Tildrakizumab, and Risankizumab

Making comparisons among the IL-23 inhibitors also is difficult; studies were not head-to-head comparison trials, and the VOYAGE and reSURFACE studies used different time points for primary end points. Furthermore, only phase 2 trial data are available for risankizumab. Despite these limitations, results of these trials suggest that guselkumab and risankizumab may be slightly more efficacious than tildrakizumab. However, future studies, including head-to-head studies, would ultimately provide further information on how these agents compare.

Guselkumab was shown to remain efficacious at 48 weeks, though patients on maintenance dosing had better results than those who were re-treated.¹² Moreover, guselkumab was found to be effective in hard-to-treat areas, such as the scalp,¹¹ and in patients who did not respond to adalimumab. Guselkumab may therefore benefit patients who have experienced limited clinical improvement on other biologics.¹²

Tildrakizumab was shown to improve PASI 75 and PGA scores through week 28 of treatment. Moreover, a higher percentage of patients taking tildrakizumab scored 0 or 1 on the dermatology life quality index, suggesting that the drug improves quality of life.¹⁴ No specific safety concerns arose in either reSURFACE trial; however, long-term studies are needed for further evaluation.

Risankizumab appears to be a promising new therapy based on phase 2 trial results. Improvements also were seen in dermatology life quality index scores, scalp and fingernail symptoms, and palmoplantar psoriasis.¹⁵ Of note, neutralizing antidrug antibodies were found in 3 patients during this study,¹⁵ which may present potential problems for long-term efficacy. However, preliminary data from 3 phase 3 trials—ultIMMa-1, ultIMMa-2, and IMMvent—are promising.¹⁷

CONCLUSION

Advances in the understanding of psoriasis have led to new targeted therapies. Ongoing clinical trials have shown encouraging results for treating physical and psychological symptoms of psoriasis. The findings of these trials support the idea that therapies targeting IL-23, specifically its p19 subunit, are effective against psoriasis while sparing IL-12. Long-term data from open-label extension studies would help guide clinical recommendations regarding the safety profiles of these agents and determine their long-term utility.

Psoriasis is a chronic, autoimmune-mediated disease estimated to affect 2.8% of the US population.¹ The pathogenesis of psoriasis is thought to involve a complex process triggered by a combination of genetic and environmental factors that induce tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α secretion by keratinocytes, which in turn activates dendritic cells. Activated dendritic cells produce IL-23, leading to helper T cell (T_H17) differentiation.^2,3 T_H17 cells secrete IL-17A, which has been shown to promote psoriatic skin changes.⁴ Therefore, TNF-α, IL-23, and IL-17A have been recognized as key targets for psoriasis therapy.

The newest biologic agents targeting IL-17–mediated pathways include ixekizumab, brodalumab, and bimekizumab. Secukinumab, the first US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved IL-17 inhibitor, has been available since 2015 and therefore is not included in this review. IL-23 inhibitors that are FDA approved or being evaluated in clinical trials include guselkumab, tildrakizumab, and risankizumab. In addition, certolizumab pegol, a TNF-α inhibitor, is being studied for use in psoriasis.

METHODS

We reviewed the published results of phase 3 clinical trials for ixekizumab, brodalumab, bimekizumab, guselkumab, tildrakizumab, risankizumab, and certolizumab pegol. We performed an English-language literature search (January 1, 2012 to October 15, 2017) of articles indexed for PubMed/MEDLINE using the following combinations of keywords: IL-23 and psoriasis; IL-17 and psoriasis; tumor necrosis factor and psoriasis; [drug name] and psoriasis. If data from phase 3 clinical trials were not yet available, data from phase 2 clinical trials were incorporated in our analysis. We also reviewed citations within articles to identify relevant sources.

RESULTS

Phase 3 clinical trial design, efficacy, and adverse events (AEs) for ixekizumab and brodalumab are reported in eTable 1^5-10 and for guselkumab and tildrakizumab in eTable 2.^11-14 Phase 2 clinical trial design, efficacy, and AEs are presented for risankizumab in eTable 3^15-18 and for certolizumab pegol in eTable 4.^17,19 No published clinical trial data were found for bimekizumab.

IL-17 Inhibitors

Ixekizumab
This recombinant, high-affinity IgG4κ antibody selectively binds and neutralizes IL-17A.^5,6 Three phase 3 clinical trials—UNCOVER-1, UNCOVER-2, and UNCOVER-3—evaluated ixekizumab for moderate to severe plaque psoriasis.⁷

The 3 UNCOVER trials were randomized, double-blind, phase 3 trials of 1296, 1224, and 1346 patients, respectively, assigned to a placebo group; a group treated with ixekizumab 80 mg every 2 weeks; and a group treated with ixekizumab 80 mg every 4 weeks. Both ixekizumab groups received a loading dose of 160 mg at week 0.^5,6 UNCOVER-2 and UNCOVER-3 also included a comparator group of patients on etanercept 50 mg.⁵ Co-primary end points included the percentage of patients reaching a psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) of 75 and with a static physician global assessment (PGA) score of clear (0) or almost clear (1) at week 12.^5,6

Ixekizumab achieved greater efficacy than placebo: 89.1%, 89.7%, and 87.3% of patients achieved PASI 75 in the every 2-week dosing group, and 82.6%, 77.5% and 84.2% achieved PASI 75 in the every 4-week dosing group in UNCOVER-1, UNCOVER-2, and UNCOVER-3, respectively (P<.001 for both treatment arms compared to placebo in all trials). The percentage of patients achieving a static PGA score of 0 or 1 also was higher in the ixekizumab groups in the 2-week and 4-week dosing groups in all UNCOVER trials—81.8% and 76.4% in UNCOVER-1, 83.2% and 72.9% in UNCOVER-2, and 80.5% and 75.4% in UNCOVER-3—compared to 3.2%, 2.4%, and 6.7% in the placebo groups of the 3 trials (P<.001 for both ixekizumab groups compared to placebo in all trials).^5,6 Ixekizumab also was found to be more effective than etanercept for both co-primary end points in both UNCOVER-2 and UNCOVER-3 (eTable 1).⁵

Safety data for all UNCOVER trials were pooled and reported.⁶ At week 12 the rate of at least 1 AE was 58.4% in patients on ixekizumab every 2 weeks and 58.8% in patients on ixekizumab every 4 weeks compared to 54.0% in the etanercept group in UNCOVER-2 and UNCOVER-3 and 46.8% in the placebo group. At week 12, 72 nonfatal serious AEs were reported: 12 in the placebo group, 14 in the etanercept group, 20 in the ixekizumab every 2 weeks group, and 26 in the ixekizumab every 4 weeks group.⁶

The most common AE across all groups was nasopharyngitis. Overall, infections were more frequent in patients treated with ixekizumab than in patients treated with placebo or etanercept. Specifically, oral candidiasis occurred more frequently in the ixekizumab groups, with a higher rate in the 2-week dosing group than in the 4-week dosing group.⁶ Two myocardial infarctions (MIs) occurred: 1 in the etanercept group and 1 in the placebo group.⁵

Brodalumab
This human monoclonal antibody binds to IL-17ra.^8,9 Three double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials—AMAGINE-1, AMAGINE-2, and AMAGINE-3—evaluated its use for plaque psoriasis.¹⁰

In AMAGINE-1 (N=661), patients were randomized to receive brodalumab 140 mg or 210 mg (every 2 weeks for 12 weeks), or placebo.⁸ In AMAGINE-2 (N=1831) and AMAGINE-3 (N=1881), patients were randomized to receive brodalumab 140 mg or 210 mg (every 2 weeks for 12 weeks), ustekinumab 45 mg or 90 mg by weight (at weeks 0 and 4, then every 12 weeks thereafter), or placebo. In all trials, patients on brodalumab received a dose at week 0 and week 1. Co-primary end points were PASI 75 and a static PGA score of 0 or 1 at 12 weeks compared to placebo and to ustekinumab (in AMAGINE-2 and AMAGINE-3 only).⁸

At week 12, 83.3%, 86.3%, and 85.1% of patients on brodalumab 210 mg, and 60.3%, 66.6%, and 69.2% of patients on brodalumab 140 mg, achieved PASI 75 in AMAGINE-1, AMAGINE-2, and AMAGINE-3, respectively, compared to 2.7%, 8.1%, and 6.0% in the placebo groups (P<.001 between both brodalumab groups and placebo in all trials).⁸ Both brodalumab groups were noninferior but not significantly superior to ustekinumab, which achieved a PASI 75 of 70.0% in AMAGINE-2 and 69.3% in AMAGINE-3. The PASI 90 rate was higher, however, in both brodalumab groups compared to ustekinumab but significance was not reported (eTable 1).⁹ For both brodalumab groups, significantly more patients achieved a static PGA value of 0 or 1 compared to placebo (P<.001 across all trials). However, only the brodalumab 210-mg group achieved a significantly higher rate of static PGA 0 or 1 compared to ustekinumab in AMAGINE-2 and AMAGINE-3 (P<.001).⁹

After 12 weeks, the percentage of patients reporting at least 1 AE was 59.0%, 57.8%, and 56.8% in the brodalumab 210-mg group in AMAGINE-1, AMAGINE-2, and AMAGINE-3, respectively; 58.0%, 60.1%, and 52.6% in the brodalumab 140-mg group; and 51.0%, 53.4%, and 48.6% in the placebo group. Patients taking ustekinumab had an AE rate of 59.0% in AMAGINE-2 and 53.7% in AMAGINE-3. The most common AE was nasopharyngitis, followed by upper respiratory infection (URI) and headache across all trials.^8,9 Serious AEs were rare: 10 in AMAGINE-1, 31 in AMAGINE-2, and 24 in AMAGINE-3 across all groups. One death occurred from stroke in the brodalumab 210-mg group in AMAGINE-2.⁹

IL-23 Inhibitors

Guselkumab
This drug is a human IgG1κ antibody that binds to the p19 subunit of IL-23, thereby inhibiting IL-23 signaling.^11,12 Guselkumab was approved by the FDA in July 2017 for moderate to severe plaque psoriasis.¹³

VOYAGE 1 and VOYAGE 2 were phase 3, double-blind, placebo- and active comparator–controlled trials of 837 and 992 patients, respectively, randomized to receive adalimumab (80 mg at week 0 and 40 mg at week 1, then at 40 mg every 2 weeks thereafter), guselkumab 100 mg at weeks 0, 4, and 12, or placebo.¹¹ Co-primary end points for both trials were the percentage of patients reaching PASI 90 and an investigator global assessment (IGA) score of cleared (0) or minimal (1) at week 16.¹¹

By week 16 of both trials, PASI 90 values were statistically superior for guselkumab (VOYAGE 1, 73.3%; VOYAGE 2, 70.0%) compared to adalimumab (VOYAGE 1, 49.7%; VOYAGE 2, 46.8%) and placebo (VOYAGE 1, 2.9%; VOYAGE 2, 2.4%)(P<.001). Moreover, patients on guselkumab achieved a higher rate of IGA values of 0 and 1 at week 12 (85.1% in VOYAGE 1 and 84.1% in VOYAGE 2) than patients on adalimumab (65.9% in VOYAGE 1 and 67.7% in VOYAGE 2) and placebo (6.9% in VOYAGE 1 and 8.5% in VOYAGE 2)(P<.001).^11,12

The frequency of AEs was comparable across all groups in both trials.^11,12 During the 16-week treatment period, 51.7% and 47.6% of the guselkumab groups in VOYAGE 1 and VOYAGE 2, respectively; 51.1% and 48.4% of the adalimumab groups; and 49.4% and 44.8% of the placebo groups reported at least 1 AE. The most common AEs in all groups were nasopharyngitis, headache, and URI.^11,12

Serious AEs also occurred at similar rates: 2.4% and 1.6% in the guselkumab group in VOYAGE 1 and VOYAGE 2, respectively; 2.4% and 1.8% in the adalimumab group; and 1.7% and 1.2% in the placebo group.^11,12 One case of malignancy occurred in the VOYAGE 1 trial: basal cell carcinoma in the guselkumab group.¹¹ Three major cardiovascular events occurred across both trials: 1 MI in the guselkumab group in each trial and 1 MI in the adalimumab group in VOYAGE 1.^11,12

Tildrakizumab
A high-affinity, humanized IgG1κ antibody, tildrakizumab targets the p19 subunit of IL-23. As of February 2018, 2 double-blind, randomized phase 3 trials have studied tildrakizumab with published results: reSURFACE 1 and reSURFACE 2.¹⁴

reSURFACE 1 (N=772) and reSURFACE 2 (N=1090) randomized patients to receive tildrakizumab 100 or 200 mg (at weeks 0 and 4), etanercept 50 mg (twice weekly) for 12 weeks (reSURFACE 2 only), or placebo. Co-primary end points were the percentage of patients achieving PASI 75 and the percentage of patients achieving a PGA score of 0 or 1 at week 12.¹⁴

In reSURFACE 1, significantly more patients receiving tildrakizumab attained PASI 75 at week 12 compared to placebo: 200 mg, 62.0%; 100 mg, 64.0%; and placebo, 6.0% (P<.001 for tildrakizumab groups compared to placebo). Moreover, significantly proportionally more patients received a PGA score of 0 or 1 compared to placebo: 100 mg, 59%; 200 mg, 58.0%; placebo, 7.0% (P<.001 for both tildrakizumab groups compared to placebo).¹⁴

In reSURFACE 2, significantly more patients receiving tildrakizumab achieved PASI 75 compared to etanercept and placebo at week 12: 200 mg, 66.0%; 100mg, 61.0%; etanercept, 48.0%; placebo, 6.0% (P<.001 for both tildrakizumab groups compared to placebo; P<.05 for both tildrakizumab groups compared to etanercept). Additionally, significantly more patients in the tildrakizumab groups experienced a PGA score of 0 or 1 at week 12 compared to placebo: 200 mg, 59%; 100 mg, 55.0%; placebo, 5% (P<.001 for both tildrakizumab groups compared to placebo).¹⁴

Adverse events were reported at a similar rate across all groups. For reSURFACE 1 and reSURFACE 2, at least 1 AE by week 12 was reported by 42.2% and 45.2% of patients in the 200-mg group; 47.2% and 45.9% in the 100-mg group; and 48.1% and 55.1% in the placebo groups.¹⁴The most common AEs were nasopharyngitis, URI (reSURFACE 1), and erythema at the injection site (reSURFACE 2). One case of serious infection was reported in each of the tildrakizumab groups: 1 case of drug-related hypersensitivity reaction in the 200-mg group, and 1 major cardiovascular event in the 100-mg group of reSURFACE 1. There was 1 serious AE in reSURFACE 2 that led to death in which the cause was undetermined.¹⁴

Risankizumab
This humanized IgG1 antibody binds the p19 unit of IL-23.^15,16 The drug is undergoing 3 phase 3 trials—ultIMMa-1, ultIMMa-2, and IMMvent—for which only preliminary data have been published and are reported here.^16,17 There is 1 phase 2 randomized, dose-ranging trial with published data.¹⁵

ultIMMa-1 and ultIMMa-2 comprised 506 and 491 patients, respectively, randomized to receive risankizumab (150 mg at weeks 0, 4, and 16), ustekinumab (45 mg or 90 mg, by weight, at weeks 0, 4, and 16), or placebo. Co-primary end points were PASI 90 and a PGA score of 0 or 1 at week 16.¹⁷

In ultIMMa-1 and ultIMMa-2, 75.0% and 75.0% of patients on risankizumab 150 mg achieved PASI 90 compared to 42.0% and 48.0% on ustekinumab and 5.0% and 2.0% on placebo at 16 weeks (P<.001 between both placebo and ustekinumab in both trials).¹⁷ In both trials, patients receiving risankizumab achieved higher rates of a static PGA score of 0 or 1 (88.0% and 84.0%) compared to ustekinumab (63.0% and 62.0%) and placebo (8.0% and 5.0%) at 16 weeks (P<.001 for both trials).¹⁸

At week 16, 2.0% of patients on risankizumab reported a serious AE in both trials, compared to 8.0% and 3.0% of patients on ustekinumab and 3.0% and 1.0% on placebo. No new safety concerns were noted.¹⁷

In the phase 3 IMMvent trial, 605 patients were randomized to receive risankizumab (150 mg at weeks 0, 4, and 16) or adalimumab (80 mg at week 0, 40 mg at week 1, then 40 mg every 2 weeks). Co-primary end points were PASI 90 and a static PGA score of 0 or 1 at week 16.¹⁷

In IMMvent, risankizumab was significantly more effective than adalimumab for PASI 75 (risankizumab, 72.0%; adalimumab, 47.0%) and a static PGA score of 0 or 1 (risankizumab 84.0%; adalimumab, 60.0%) (P<.001 risankizumab compared to adalimumab for both end points).¹⁷

At week 16, serious AEs were reported in 3.0% of patients on risankizumab and 3.0% of patients on adalimumab. One patient receiving risankizumab died of an acute MI during the treatment phase.¹⁷

TNF Inhibitor

Certolizumab Pegol
Certolizumab pegol is a human PEGylated anti-TNF agent. In vitro studies have shown that certolizumab binds to soluble and membrane-bound TNF.¹⁹ Unlike other TNF inhibitors, certolizumab pegol is a Fab‘ portion of anti-TNF conjugated to a molecule of polyethylene glycol.¹⁹ The drug is approved in the United States for treating psoriatic arthritis, Crohn disease, and rheumatoid arthritis; its potential for treating psoriasis has been confirmed. Results of 1 phase 2 trial have been published¹⁹; data from 3 phase 3 trials are forthcoming.

This randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind phase 2 study comprised 176 patients who received certolizumab 200 mg, certolizumab 400 mg, or placebo. The dosing schedule was 400 mg at week 0, followed by either 200 or 400 mg every other week until week 10. Co-primary end points were PASI 75 and a PGA score of 0 or 1 at week 12.¹⁹

Certolizumab was significantly more effective than placebo at week 12: 74.6% of the 200-mg group and 82.8% of the 400-mg group achieved PASI 75 compared to 6.8% of the placebo group (P<.001). Certolizumab also performed better for the PGA score: 52.5% and 72.4% of patients attained a score of 0 or 1 in the 200-mg and 400-mg groups compared to 1.7% in the placebo group.¹⁹

Adverse events were reported equally across all groups: 72% of patients in the 200-mg group, 70% in the 400-mg group, and 71% in the placebo group reported at least 1 AE, most commonly nasopharyngitis, headache, and pruritis.¹⁹

COMMENT

With the development of new insights into the pathogenesis of psoriasis, therapies that are targeted toward key cytokines may contribute to improved management of the disease. The results of these clinical trials demonstrate numerous promising options for psoriatic patients.

IL-17 Inhibitors Ixekizumab and Brodalumab

When comparing these 2 biologics, it is important to consider that these studies were not performed head to head, thereby inhibiting direct comparisons. Moreover, dosage ranges of the investigative drugs were not identical, which also makes comparisons challenging. However, when looking at the highest dosages of ixekizumab and brodalumab, results indicate that ixekizumab may be slightly more effective than brodalumab based on the percentage of patients who achieved a PASI 75 and a static PGA score of 0 or 1 (eTable 1).

Phase 3 trials have shown ixekizumab to maintain efficacy over 60 weeks of treatment.⁶ Ixekizumab also has been shown to alleviate other symptoms of psoriasis, such as itching, pain, and nail involvement.^20,21 Furthermore, ixekizumab appears to be equally effective in patients with or without prior exposure to biologics²²; therefore, ixekizumab may benefit patients who have not experienced success with other biologics.

Across the UNCOVER trials, 11 cases of inflammatory bowel disease were reported in patients receiving ixekizumab (ulcerative colitis in 7; Crohn disease in 4)⁶; it appears that at least 3 of these cases were new diagnoses. In light of a study suggesting that IL-17A might have a protective function in the intestine,²³ these findings may have important clinical implications and require follow-up studies.

Brodalumab also has been shown to maintain efficacy and acceptable safety for as long as 120 weeks.²⁴ In the extension period of the AMAGINE-1 trial, patients who experienced a return of disease during a withdrawal period recaptured static PGA success with re-treatment for 12 weeks (re-treatment was successful in 97% of those given a dosage of 210 mg and in 84% of those given 140 mg).⁸

Furthermore, phase 2 trials also have shown that brodalumab is effective in patients with a history of biologic use.²⁵ Across all AMAGINE trials, only 1 case of Crohn disease was reported in a patient taking brodalumab.⁹ There are concerns about depression, despite data from AMAGINE-1 stating patients on brodalumab actually had greater improvements in Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale scores after 12 weeks of treatment (P<.001) for both brodalumab 140 mg and 210 mg compared to placebo.⁸ Regardless, brodalumab has a black-box warning for suicidal ideation and behavior, and availability is restricted through a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) program.²⁶

Bimekizumab

Although no phase 2 or phase 3 clinical trial data have been published for bimekizumab (phase 2 trials are underway), it has been shown in a phase 1 trial to be effective for psoriasis. Bimekizumab also is unique; it is the first dual inhibitor of IL-17A and IL-17F.¹⁸

IL-23 Inhibitors Guselkumab, Tildrakizumab, and Risankizumab

Making comparisons among the IL-23 inhibitors also is difficult; studies were not head-to-head comparison trials, and the VOYAGE and reSURFACE studies used different time points for primary end points. Furthermore, only phase 2 trial data are available for risankizumab. Despite these limitations, results of these trials suggest that guselkumab and risankizumab may be slightly more efficacious than tildrakizumab. However, future studies, including head-to-head studies, would ultimately provide further information on how these agents compare.

Guselkumab was shown to remain efficacious at 48 weeks, though patients on maintenance dosing had better results than those who were re-treated.¹² Moreover, guselkumab was found to be effective in hard-to-treat areas, such as the scalp,¹¹ and in patients who did not respond to adalimumab. Guselkumab may therefore benefit patients who have experienced limited clinical improvement on other biologics.¹²

Tildrakizumab was shown to improve PASI 75 and PGA scores through week 28 of treatment. Moreover, a higher percentage of patients taking tildrakizumab scored 0 or 1 on the dermatology life quality index, suggesting that the drug improves quality of life.¹⁴ No specific safety concerns arose in either reSURFACE trial; however, long-term studies are needed for further evaluation.

Risankizumab appears to be a promising new therapy based on phase 2 trial results. Improvements also were seen in dermatology life quality index scores, scalp and fingernail symptoms, and palmoplantar psoriasis.¹⁵ Of note, neutralizing antidrug antibodies were found in 3 patients during this study,¹⁵ which may present potential problems for long-term efficacy. However, preliminary data from 3 phase 3 trials—ultIMMa-1, ultIMMa-2, and IMMvent—are promising.¹⁷

CONCLUSION

Advances in the understanding of psoriasis have led to new targeted therapies. Ongoing clinical trials have shown encouraging results for treating physical and psychological symptoms of psoriasis. The findings of these trials support the idea that therapies targeting IL-23, specifically its p19 subunit, are effective against psoriasis while sparing IL-12. Long-term data from open-label extension studies would help guide clinical recommendations regarding the safety profiles of these agents and determine their long-term utility.

Psoriasis is a chronic, autoimmune-mediated disease estimated to affect 2.8% of the US population.¹ The pathogenesis of psoriasis is thought to involve a complex process triggered by a combination of genetic and environmental factors that induce tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α secretion by keratinocytes, which in turn activates dendritic cells. Activated dendritic cells produce IL-23, leading to helper T cell (T_H17) differentiation.^2,3 T_H17 cells secrete IL-17A, which has been shown to promote psoriatic skin changes.⁴ Therefore, TNF-α, IL-23, and IL-17A have been recognized as key targets for psoriasis therapy.

The newest biologic agents targeting IL-17–mediated pathways include ixekizumab, brodalumab, and bimekizumab. Secukinumab, the first US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved IL-17 inhibitor, has been available since 2015 and therefore is not included in this review. IL-23 inhibitors that are FDA approved or being evaluated in clinical trials include guselkumab, tildrakizumab, and risankizumab. In addition, certolizumab pegol, a TNF-α inhibitor, is being studied for use in psoriasis.

METHODS

We reviewed the published results of phase 3 clinical trials for ixekizumab, brodalumab, bimekizumab, guselkumab, tildrakizumab, risankizumab, and certolizumab pegol. We performed an English-language literature search (January 1, 2012 to October 15, 2017) of articles indexed for PubMed/MEDLINE using the following combinations of keywords: IL-23 and psoriasis; IL-17 and psoriasis; tumor necrosis factor and psoriasis; [drug name] and psoriasis. If data from phase 3 clinical trials were not yet available, data from phase 2 clinical trials were incorporated in our analysis. We also reviewed citations within articles to identify relevant sources.

RESULTS

Phase 3 clinical trial design, efficacy, and adverse events (AEs) for ixekizumab and brodalumab are reported in eTable 1^5-10 and for guselkumab and tildrakizumab in eTable 2.^11-14 Phase 2 clinical trial design, efficacy, and AEs are presented for risankizumab in eTable 3^15-18 and for certolizumab pegol in eTable 4.^17,19 No published clinical trial data were found for bimekizumab.

IL-17 Inhibitors

Ixekizumab
This recombinant, high-affinity IgG4κ antibody selectively binds and neutralizes IL-17A.^5,6 Three phase 3 clinical trials—UNCOVER-1, UNCOVER-2, and UNCOVER-3—evaluated ixekizumab for moderate to severe plaque psoriasis.⁷

The 3 UNCOVER trials were randomized, double-blind, phase 3 trials of 1296, 1224, and 1346 patients, respectively, assigned to a placebo group; a group treated with ixekizumab 80 mg every 2 weeks; and a group treated with ixekizumab 80 mg every 4 weeks. Both ixekizumab groups received a loading dose of 160 mg at week 0.^5,6 UNCOVER-2 and UNCOVER-3 also included a comparator group of patients on etanercept 50 mg.⁵ Co-primary end points included the percentage of patients reaching a psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) of 75 and with a static physician global assessment (PGA) score of clear (0) or almost clear (1) at week 12.^5,6

Ixekizumab achieved greater efficacy than placebo: 89.1%, 89.7%, and 87.3% of patients achieved PASI 75 in the every 2-week dosing group, and 82.6%, 77.5% and 84.2% achieved PASI 75 in the every 4-week dosing group in UNCOVER-1, UNCOVER-2, and UNCOVER-3, respectively (P<.001 for both treatment arms compared to placebo in all trials). The percentage of patients achieving a static PGA score of 0 or 1 also was higher in the ixekizumab groups in the 2-week and 4-week dosing groups in all UNCOVER trials—81.8% and 76.4% in UNCOVER-1, 83.2% and 72.9% in UNCOVER-2, and 80.5% and 75.4% in UNCOVER-3—compared to 3.2%, 2.4%, and 6.7% in the placebo groups of the 3 trials (P<.001 for both ixekizumab groups compared to placebo in all trials).^5,6 Ixekizumab also was found to be more effective than etanercept for both co-primary end points in both UNCOVER-2 and UNCOVER-3 (eTable 1).⁵

Safety data for all UNCOVER trials were pooled and reported.⁶ At week 12 the rate of at least 1 AE was 58.4% in patients on ixekizumab every 2 weeks and 58.8% in patients on ixekizumab every 4 weeks compared to 54.0% in the etanercept group in UNCOVER-2 and UNCOVER-3 and 46.8% in the placebo group. At week 12, 72 nonfatal serious AEs were reported: 12 in the placebo group, 14 in the etanercept group, 20 in the ixekizumab every 2 weeks group, and 26 in the ixekizumab every 4 weeks group.⁶

The most common AE across all groups was nasopharyngitis. Overall, infections were more frequent in patients treated with ixekizumab than in patients treated with placebo or etanercept. Specifically, oral candidiasis occurred more frequently in the ixekizumab groups, with a higher rate in the 2-week dosing group than in the 4-week dosing group.⁶ Two myocardial infarctions (MIs) occurred: 1 in the etanercept group and 1 in the placebo group.⁵

Brodalumab
This human monoclonal antibody binds to IL-17ra.^8,9 Three double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials—AMAGINE-1, AMAGINE-2, and AMAGINE-3—evaluated its use for plaque psoriasis.¹⁰

In AMAGINE-1 (N=661), patients were randomized to receive brodalumab 140 mg or 210 mg (every 2 weeks for 12 weeks), or placebo.⁸ In AMAGINE-2 (N=1831) and AMAGINE-3 (N=1881), patients were randomized to receive brodalumab 140 mg or 210 mg (every 2 weeks for 12 weeks), ustekinumab 45 mg or 90 mg by weight (at weeks 0 and 4, then every 12 weeks thereafter), or placebo. In all trials, patients on brodalumab received a dose at week 0 and week 1. Co-primary end points were PASI 75 and a static PGA score of 0 or 1 at 12 weeks compared to placebo and to ustekinumab (in AMAGINE-2 and AMAGINE-3 only).⁸

At week 12, 83.3%, 86.3%, and 85.1% of patients on brodalumab 210 mg, and 60.3%, 66.6%, and 69.2% of patients on brodalumab 140 mg, achieved PASI 75 in AMAGINE-1, AMAGINE-2, and AMAGINE-3, respectively, compared to 2.7%, 8.1%, and 6.0% in the placebo groups (P<.001 between both brodalumab groups and placebo in all trials).⁸ Both brodalumab groups were noninferior but not significantly superior to ustekinumab, which achieved a PASI 75 of 70.0% in AMAGINE-2 and 69.3% in AMAGINE-3. The PASI 90 rate was higher, however, in both brodalumab groups compared to ustekinumab but significance was not reported (eTable 1).⁹ For both brodalumab groups, significantly more patients achieved a static PGA value of 0 or 1 compared to placebo (P<.001 across all trials). However, only the brodalumab 210-mg group achieved a significantly higher rate of static PGA 0 or 1 compared to ustekinumab in AMAGINE-2 and AMAGINE-3 (P<.001).⁹

After 12 weeks, the percentage of patients reporting at least 1 AE was 59.0%, 57.8%, and 56.8% in the brodalumab 210-mg group in AMAGINE-1, AMAGINE-2, and AMAGINE-3, respectively; 58.0%, 60.1%, and 52.6% in the brodalumab 140-mg group; and 51.0%, 53.4%, and 48.6% in the placebo group. Patients taking ustekinumab had an AE rate of 59.0% in AMAGINE-2 and 53.7% in AMAGINE-3. The most common AE was nasopharyngitis, followed by upper respiratory infection (URI) and headache across all trials.^8,9 Serious AEs were rare: 10 in AMAGINE-1, 31 in AMAGINE-2, and 24 in AMAGINE-3 across all groups. One death occurred from stroke in the brodalumab 210-mg group in AMAGINE-2.⁹

IL-23 Inhibitors

Guselkumab
This drug is a human IgG1κ antibody that binds to the p19 subunit of IL-23, thereby inhibiting IL-23 signaling.^11,12 Guselkumab was approved by the FDA in July 2017 for moderate to severe plaque psoriasis.¹³

VOYAGE 1 and VOYAGE 2 were phase 3, double-blind, placebo- and active comparator–controlled trials of 837 and 992 patients, respectively, randomized to receive adalimumab (80 mg at week 0 and 40 mg at week 1, then at 40 mg every 2 weeks thereafter), guselkumab 100 mg at weeks 0, 4, and 12, or placebo.¹¹ Co-primary end points for both trials were the percentage of patients reaching PASI 90 and an investigator global assessment (IGA) score of cleared (0) or minimal (1) at week 16.¹¹

By week 16 of both trials, PASI 90 values were statistically superior for guselkumab (VOYAGE 1, 73.3%; VOYAGE 2, 70.0%) compared to adalimumab (VOYAGE 1, 49.7%; VOYAGE 2, 46.8%) and placebo (VOYAGE 1, 2.9%; VOYAGE 2, 2.4%)(P<.001). Moreover, patients on guselkumab achieved a higher rate of IGA values of 0 and 1 at week 12 (85.1% in VOYAGE 1 and 84.1% in VOYAGE 2) than patients on adalimumab (65.9% in VOYAGE 1 and 67.7% in VOYAGE 2) and placebo (6.9% in VOYAGE 1 and 8.5% in VOYAGE 2)(P<.001).^11,12

The frequency of AEs was comparable across all groups in both trials.^11,12 During the 16-week treatment period, 51.7% and 47.6% of the guselkumab groups in VOYAGE 1 and VOYAGE 2, respectively; 51.1% and 48.4% of the adalimumab groups; and 49.4% and 44.8% of the placebo groups reported at least 1 AE. The most common AEs in all groups were nasopharyngitis, headache, and URI.^11,12

Serious AEs also occurred at similar rates: 2.4% and 1.6% in the guselkumab group in VOYAGE 1 and VOYAGE 2, respectively; 2.4% and 1.8% in the adalimumab group; and 1.7% and 1.2% in the placebo group.^11,12 One case of malignancy occurred in the VOYAGE 1 trial: basal cell carcinoma in the guselkumab group.¹¹ Three major cardiovascular events occurred across both trials: 1 MI in the guselkumab group in each trial and 1 MI in the adalimumab group in VOYAGE 1.^11,12

Tildrakizumab
A high-affinity, humanized IgG1κ antibody, tildrakizumab targets the p19 subunit of IL-23. As of February 2018, 2 double-blind, randomized phase 3 trials have studied tildrakizumab with published results: reSURFACE 1 and reSURFACE 2.¹⁴

reSURFACE 1 (N=772) and reSURFACE 2 (N=1090) randomized patients to receive tildrakizumab 100 or 200 mg (at weeks 0 and 4), etanercept 50 mg (twice weekly) for 12 weeks (reSURFACE 2 only), or placebo. Co-primary end points were the percentage of patients achieving PASI 75 and the percentage of patients achieving a PGA score of 0 or 1 at week 12.¹⁴

In reSURFACE 1, significantly more patients receiving tildrakizumab attained PASI 75 at week 12 compared to placebo: 200 mg, 62.0%; 100 mg, 64.0%; and placebo, 6.0% (P<.001 for tildrakizumab groups compared to placebo). Moreover, significantly proportionally more patients received a PGA score of 0 or 1 compared to placebo: 100 mg, 59%; 200 mg, 58.0%; placebo, 7.0% (P<.001 for both tildrakizumab groups compared to placebo).¹⁴

In reSURFACE 2, significantly more patients receiving tildrakizumab achieved PASI 75 compared to etanercept and placebo at week 12: 200 mg, 66.0%; 100mg, 61.0%; etanercept, 48.0%; placebo, 6.0% (P<.001 for both tildrakizumab groups compared to placebo; P<.05 for both tildrakizumab groups compared to etanercept). Additionally, significantly more patients in the tildrakizumab groups experienced a PGA score of 0 or 1 at week 12 compared to placebo: 200 mg, 59%; 100 mg, 55.0%; placebo, 5% (P<.001 for both tildrakizumab groups compared to placebo).¹⁴

Adverse events were reported at a similar rate across all groups. For reSURFACE 1 and reSURFACE 2, at least 1 AE by week 12 was reported by 42.2% and 45.2% of patients in the 200-mg group; 47.2% and 45.9% in the 100-mg group; and 48.1% and 55.1% in the placebo groups.¹⁴The most common AEs were nasopharyngitis, URI (reSURFACE 1), and erythema at the injection site (reSURFACE 2). One case of serious infection was reported in each of the tildrakizumab groups: 1 case of drug-related hypersensitivity reaction in the 200-mg group, and 1 major cardiovascular event in the 100-mg group of reSURFACE 1. There was 1 serious AE in reSURFACE 2 that led to death in which the cause was undetermined.¹⁴

Risankizumab
This humanized IgG1 antibody binds the p19 unit of IL-23.^15,16 The drug is undergoing 3 phase 3 trials—ultIMMa-1, ultIMMa-2, and IMMvent—for which only preliminary data have been published and are reported here.^16,17 There is 1 phase 2 randomized, dose-ranging trial with published data.¹⁵

ultIMMa-1 and ultIMMa-2 comprised 506 and 491 patients, respectively, randomized to receive risankizumab (150 mg at weeks 0, 4, and 16), ustekinumab (45 mg or 90 mg, by weight, at weeks 0, 4, and 16), or placebo. Co-primary end points were PASI 90 and a PGA score of 0 or 1 at week 16.¹⁷

In ultIMMa-1 and ultIMMa-2, 75.0% and 75.0% of patients on risankizumab 150 mg achieved PASI 90 compared to 42.0% and 48.0% on ustekinumab and 5.0% and 2.0% on placebo at 16 weeks (P<.001 between both placebo and ustekinumab in both trials).¹⁷ In both trials, patients receiving risankizumab achieved higher rates of a static PGA score of 0 or 1 (88.0% and 84.0%) compared to ustekinumab (63.0% and 62.0%) and placebo (8.0% and 5.0%) at 16 weeks (P<.001 for both trials).¹⁸

At week 16, 2.0% of patients on risankizumab reported a serious AE in both trials, compared to 8.0% and 3.0% of patients on ustekinumab and 3.0% and 1.0% on placebo. No new safety concerns were noted.¹⁷

In the phase 3 IMMvent trial, 605 patients were randomized to receive risankizumab (150 mg at weeks 0, 4, and 16) or adalimumab (80 mg at week 0, 40 mg at week 1, then 40 mg every 2 weeks). Co-primary end points were PASI 90 and a static PGA score of 0 or 1 at week 16.¹⁷

In IMMvent, risankizumab was significantly more effective than adalimumab for PASI 75 (risankizumab, 72.0%; adalimumab, 47.0%) and a static PGA score of 0 or 1 (risankizumab 84.0%; adalimumab, 60.0%) (P<.001 risankizumab compared to adalimumab for both end points).¹⁷

At week 16, serious AEs were reported in 3.0% of patients on risankizumab and 3.0% of patients on adalimumab. One patient receiving risankizumab died of an acute MI during the treatment phase.¹⁷

TNF Inhibitor

Certolizumab Pegol
Certolizumab pegol is a human PEGylated anti-TNF agent. In vitro studies have shown that certolizumab binds to soluble and membrane-bound TNF.¹⁹ Unlike other TNF inhibitors, certolizumab pegol is a Fab‘ portion of anti-TNF conjugated to a molecule of polyethylene glycol.¹⁹ The drug is approved in the United States for treating psoriatic arthritis, Crohn disease, and rheumatoid arthritis; its potential for treating psoriasis has been confirmed. Results of 1 phase 2 trial have been published¹⁹; data from 3 phase 3 trials are forthcoming.

This randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind phase 2 study comprised 176 patients who received certolizumab 200 mg, certolizumab 400 mg, or placebo. The dosing schedule was 400 mg at week 0, followed by either 200 or 400 mg every other week until week 10. Co-primary end points were PASI 75 and a PGA score of 0 or 1 at week 12.¹⁹

Certolizumab was significantly more effective than placebo at week 12: 74.6% of the 200-mg group and 82.8% of the 400-mg group achieved PASI 75 compared to 6.8% of the placebo group (P<.001). Certolizumab also performed better for the PGA score: 52.5% and 72.4% of patients attained a score of 0 or 1 in the 200-mg and 400-mg groups compared to 1.7% in the placebo group.¹⁹

Adverse events were reported equally across all groups: 72% of patients in the 200-mg group, 70% in the 400-mg group, and 71% in the placebo group reported at least 1 AE, most commonly nasopharyngitis, headache, and pruritis.¹⁹

COMMENT

With the development of new insights into the pathogenesis of psoriasis, therapies that are targeted toward key cytokines may contribute to improved management of the disease. The results of these clinical trials demonstrate numerous promising options for psoriatic patients.

IL-17 Inhibitors Ixekizumab and Brodalumab

When comparing these 2 biologics, it is important to consider that these studies were not performed head to head, thereby inhibiting direct comparisons. Moreover, dosage ranges of the investigative drugs were not identical, which also makes comparisons challenging. However, when looking at the highest dosages of ixekizumab and brodalumab, results indicate that ixekizumab may be slightly more effective than brodalumab based on the percentage of patients who achieved a PASI 75 and a static PGA score of 0 or 1 (eTable 1).

Phase 3 trials have shown ixekizumab to maintain efficacy over 60 weeks of treatment.⁶ Ixekizumab also has been shown to alleviate other symptoms of psoriasis, such as itching, pain, and nail involvement.^20,21 Furthermore, ixekizumab appears to be equally effective in patients with or without prior exposure to biologics²²; therefore, ixekizumab may benefit patients who have not experienced success with other biologics.

Across the UNCOVER trials, 11 cases of inflammatory bowel disease were reported in patients receiving ixekizumab (ulcerative colitis in 7; Crohn disease in 4)⁶; it appears that at least 3 of these cases were new diagnoses. In light of a study suggesting that IL-17A might have a protective function in the intestine,²³ these findings may have important clinical implications and require follow-up studies.

Brodalumab also has been shown to maintain efficacy and acceptable safety for as long as 120 weeks.²⁴ In the extension period of the AMAGINE-1 trial, patients who experienced a return of disease during a withdrawal period recaptured static PGA success with re-treatment for 12 weeks (re-treatment was successful in 97% of those given a dosage of 210 mg and in 84% of those given 140 mg).⁸

Furthermore, phase 2 trials also have shown that brodalumab is effective in patients with a history of biologic use.²⁵ Across all AMAGINE trials, only 1 case of Crohn disease was reported in a patient taking brodalumab.⁹ There are concerns about depression, despite data from AMAGINE-1 stating patients on brodalumab actually had greater improvements in Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale scores after 12 weeks of treatment (P<.001) for both brodalumab 140 mg and 210 mg compared to placebo.⁸ Regardless, brodalumab has a black-box warning for suicidal ideation and behavior, and availability is restricted through a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) program.²⁶

Bimekizumab

Although no phase 2 or phase 3 clinical trial data have been published for bimekizumab (phase 2 trials are underway), it has been shown in a phase 1 trial to be effective for psoriasis. Bimekizumab also is unique; it is the first dual inhibitor of IL-17A and IL-17F.¹⁸

IL-23 Inhibitors Guselkumab, Tildrakizumab, and Risankizumab

Making comparisons among the IL-23 inhibitors also is difficult; studies were not head-to-head comparison trials, and the VOYAGE and reSURFACE studies used different time points for primary end points. Furthermore, only phase 2 trial data are available for risankizumab. Despite these limitations, results of these trials suggest that guselkumab and risankizumab may be slightly more efficacious than tildrakizumab. However, future studies, including head-to-head studies, would ultimately provide further information on how these agents compare.

Guselkumab was shown to remain efficacious at 48 weeks, though patients on maintenance dosing had better results than those who were re-treated.¹² Moreover, guselkumab was found to be effective in hard-to-treat areas, such as the scalp,¹¹ and in patients who did not respond to adalimumab. Guselkumab may therefore benefit patients who have experienced limited clinical improvement on other biologics.¹²

Tildrakizumab was shown to improve PASI 75 and PGA scores through week 28 of treatment. Moreover, a higher percentage of patients taking tildrakizumab scored 0 or 1 on the dermatology life quality index, suggesting that the drug improves quality of life.¹⁴ No specific safety concerns arose in either reSURFACE trial; however, long-term studies are needed for further evaluation.

Risankizumab appears to be a promising new therapy based on phase 2 trial results. Improvements also were seen in dermatology life quality index scores, scalp and fingernail symptoms, and palmoplantar psoriasis.¹⁵ Of note, neutralizing antidrug antibodies were found in 3 patients during this study,¹⁵ which may present potential problems for long-term efficacy. However, preliminary data from 3 phase 3 trials—ultIMMa-1, ultIMMa-2, and IMMvent—are promising.¹⁷

CONCLUSION

Advances in the understanding of psoriasis have led to new targeted therapies. Ongoing clinical trials have shown encouraging results for treating physical and psychological symptoms of psoriasis. The findings of these trials support the idea that therapies targeting IL-23, specifically its p19 subunit, are effective against psoriasis while sparing IL-12. Long-term data from open-label extension studies would help guide clinical recommendations regarding the safety profiles of these agents and determine their long-term utility.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects approximately 2% to 3% of the US population.¹ Patients with psoriasis are more likely to have cardiovascular risk factors (eg, obesity, metabolic syndrome) than individuals without psoriasis.² In fact, recent evidence has suggested that a diagnosis of psoriasis is an independent risk factor for cardiometabolic diseases including diabetes, major adverse cardiovascular events, and obesity.³ Given the well-recognized health benefits of physical activity and the associated reduction in coronary heart disease risk,⁴ patients with psoriasis specifically may benefit from regular participation in physical activity. Thus, an enhanced understanding of the relationship between psoriasis and vigorous physical activity would help determine the role of initiating and recommending interventions that implement physical activity for patients with psoriasis. A review was conducted to determine the relationship between psoriasis and vigorous physical activity.

Methods

An English-language literature search of PubMed articles indexed for MEDLINE (January 1, 1946–October 15, 2017) as well as articles in the Embase database (January 1, 1947–October 15, 2017) and Cochrane Library (January 1, 1992–October 15, 2017) using the terms psoriasis and physical activity was performed. The search strategy was established based on a prior review of vigorous physical activity in eczema.⁵ The article titles and/or abstracts were reviewed, and the studies were excluded if they did not evaluate physical activity in patients with psoriasis. Studies without a control group also were excluded. Articles on patients with psoriatic arthritis and studies that involved modification of dietary intake also were excluded.

Two reviewers (M.A. and E.B.L.) independently extracted data from the studies and compiled the results. The following factors were included in the data extracted: study year, location, and design; method of diagnosis of psoriasis; total number of patients included in the study; and age, gender, and level of physical activity of the study patients. Level of physical activity was the exposure, and diagnosis of psoriasis was the dependent variable. Physical activity was defined differently across the studies that were evaluated. To determine study quality, we implemented the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS), a 9-star scoring system that includes items such as selection criteria, comparability, and study outcome.⁶ Studies with an NOS score of 7 or higher were included in the meta-analysis.

Results

The literature search generated 353 nonduplicate articles. A thorough review of the articles yielded 4 studies that were incorporated in the final analysis.^7-10 We aimed to perform a meta-analysis; however, only 1 of the studies included in the final analysis had an NOS score of 7 or higher along with adequate data to be incorporated into our study.¹⁰ As a result, the meta-analysis was converted to a regular review.

The cross-sectional study we reviewed, which had an NOS score of 7, included males and females in the United States aged 20 to 59 years.¹⁰ Data were collected using the population-based National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2003 to 2006. The survey measured the likelihood of participation in leisure-time moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and metabolic equivalent task (MET) minutes of MVPA in the past 30 days. Of 6549 participants, 385 were excluded from the analysis due to missing values for 1 or more of the study variables. Of the remaining 6164 participants, 84 (1.4%) reported having a diagnosis of psoriasis with few or no psoriasis patches at the time of the survey, and 71 (1.2%) reported having a diagnosis of psoriasis with few to extensive patches at the time of the survey.¹⁰

Participants with psoriasis were less likely to participate in MVPA in the previous 30 days compared to participants without psoriasis, but the association was not statistically significant.¹⁰ The study demonstrated that, on average, participants with psoriasis spent 31% (95% confidence interval [CI], −0.57 to −0.05) fewer MET minutes on leisure-time MVPA versus participants without psoriasis; however, this association was not statistically significant. It is important to note that the diagnosis of psoriasis was self-reported, and measures of disease duration or areas of involvement were not incorporated.

Comment

Our review revealed that vigorous physical activity may be reduced in patients with psoriasis compared to those without psoriasis. Initially, we aimed to perform a systematic review of the literature; however, only 1 study met the criteria for the systematic review, highlighting the need for more robust studies evaluating this subject.

Do et al¹⁰ demonstrated that psoriasis patients were less likely to participate in MVPA, but the findings were not statistically significant. Of those who participated in MVPA, MET minutes were fewer among patients with few to extensive skin lesions compared to those without psoriasis. The investigators suggested that psoriasis patients with more severe disease tend to exercise less and ultimately would benefit from regular vigorous physical activity.

Frankel et al⁷ performed a prospective cohort study in US women to evaluate the role of physical activity in preventing psoriasis. The investigators reported that the most physically active quintile had a lower multivariate relative risk of psoriasis (0.72; 95% CI, 0.59–0.89; P<.001 for trend) compared to the least active quintile.⁷ Additionally, vigorous physical activity, which was defined as 6 or more MET minutes, was associated with a significantly lower risk of incident psoriasis (0.66; 95% CI, 0.54–0.81; P<.001 for trend), which maintained significance after adjusting for body mass index (BMI). The investigators suggested that, by decreasing chronic inflammation and lowering levels of proinflammatory cytokines, vigorous physical activity may reduce the risk of psoriasis development in women.⁷ It is plausible that vigorous physical activity modifies the state of chronic inflammation, which could subsequently reduce the risk of developing psoriasis; however, further long-term, randomized, prospective studies are needed to verify the relationship between physical activity and development of psoriasis.

Torres et al⁸ performed a cross-sectional questionnaire study to assess physical activity in patients with severe psoriasis (defined as >10% body surface area involvement and/or disease requiring systemic therapy or phototherapy) versus healthy controls. Physical activity level was measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. The odds ratio of low-level physical activity compared to non–low-level physical activity among psoriasis patients versus controls was 3.42 (95% CI, 1.47–7.91; P=.002). Additionally, the average total MET minutes of psoriasis patients were significantly reduced compared to those of the healthy controls (P=.001). Thus, the investigators suggested that vigorous physical activity is less likely in psoriasis patients, which may contribute to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease in this population.⁸ Vigorous physical activity would benefit patients with psoriasis to help lower the chronic state of inflammation and cardiometabolic comorbidities.

Demirel et al⁹ performed a study to compare aerobic exercise capacity and daily physical activity level in psoriasis patients (n=30) compared to controls (n=30). Daily physical activity, measured with an accelerometer, was significantly higher in male patients with psoriasis compared to controls (P=.021). No significant difference was reported in maximal aerobic capacity in both male and female psoriasis patients versus controls. The investigators suggested that the level of daily physical activity is not limited in psoriasis patients, yet the small sample size may limit the generalizability of the study.

The ability to dissipate heat during exercise seems to be diminished in patients with psoriasis. Specifically, it has been suggested that psoriasis lesions interfere with normal perspiration.¹¹ Moreover, joint involvement in patients with psoriatic arthritis may lead to physical functional disabilities that can interfere with the ability of these patients to participate in regular physical activity.^12-14 For this reason, our review excluded articles that evaluated patients with psoriatic arthritis. Despite this exclusion, it is important to consider that comorbid psoriatic arthritis in clinical practice may impede patients with psoriasis from participating in physical activity. Additionally, various social aspects also may limit physical activity in psoriasis patients; for instance, psoriasis patients often avoid activities that involve increased exposure of the skin (eg, communal showers, wearing sports attire).¹⁵

Furthermore, obese psoriasis patients are less likely to exercise compared to obese individuals without psoriasis.¹⁶ In patients with higher BMI, the risk of psoriasis is increased.¹⁷ A systematic review suggested that weight loss may improve psoriasis severity.¹⁸ Bariatric surgery also may improve psoriasis.¹⁹ Moreover, obesity may interfere with response to biologic therapies for psoriasis. Specifically, higher BMI is linked with lower response to fixed-dose biologic therapies compared to weight-based biologic options (eg, infliximab).^20,21

Conclusion

Given the increased risk of myocardial infarction in patients with psoriasis, it is important to recognize the barriers to physical activity that psoriasis patients face.²² Due to the considerable health benefits associated with regular physical activity, physicians should encourage patients with psoriasis to participate in physical activity as tolerated. Of note, the studies included in this review varied in their definitions of psoriasis disease severity and measures of physical activity level. Long-term, randomized, prospective studies are needed to clarify the relationship between psoriasis and physical activity. Evidence from these studies would help guide clinical recommendations regarding the role of physical activity for patients with psoriasis.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects approximately 2% to 3% of the US population.¹ Patients with psoriasis are more likely to have cardiovascular risk factors (eg, obesity, metabolic syndrome) than individuals without psoriasis.² In fact, recent evidence has suggested that a diagnosis of psoriasis is an independent risk factor for cardiometabolic diseases including diabetes, major adverse cardiovascular events, and obesity.³ Given the well-recognized health benefits of physical activity and the associated reduction in coronary heart disease risk,⁴ patients with psoriasis specifically may benefit from regular participation in physical activity. Thus, an enhanced understanding of the relationship between psoriasis and vigorous physical activity would help determine the role of initiating and recommending interventions that implement physical activity for patients with psoriasis. A review was conducted to determine the relationship between psoriasis and vigorous physical activity.

Methods

An English-language literature search of PubMed articles indexed for MEDLINE (January 1, 1946–October 15, 2017) as well as articles in the Embase database (January 1, 1947–October 15, 2017) and Cochrane Library (January 1, 1992–October 15, 2017) using the terms psoriasis and physical activity was performed. The search strategy was established based on a prior review of vigorous physical activity in eczema.⁵ The article titles and/or abstracts were reviewed, and the studies were excluded if they did not evaluate physical activity in patients with psoriasis. Studies without a control group also were excluded. Articles on patients with psoriatic arthritis and studies that involved modification of dietary intake also were excluded.

Two reviewers (M.A. and E.B.L.) independently extracted data from the studies and compiled the results. The following factors were included in the data extracted: study year, location, and design; method of diagnosis of psoriasis; total number of patients included in the study; and age, gender, and level of physical activity of the study patients. Level of physical activity was the exposure, and diagnosis of psoriasis was the dependent variable. Physical activity was defined differently across the studies that were evaluated. To determine study quality, we implemented the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS), a 9-star scoring system that includes items such as selection criteria, comparability, and study outcome.⁶ Studies with an NOS score of 7 or higher were included in the meta-analysis.

Results

The literature search generated 353 nonduplicate articles. A thorough review of the articles yielded 4 studies that were incorporated in the final analysis.^7-10 We aimed to perform a meta-analysis; however, only 1 of the studies included in the final analysis had an NOS score of 7 or higher along with adequate data to be incorporated into our study.¹⁰ As a result, the meta-analysis was converted to a regular review.

The cross-sectional study we reviewed, which had an NOS score of 7, included males and females in the United States aged 20 to 59 years.¹⁰ Data were collected using the population-based National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2003 to 2006. The survey measured the likelihood of participation in leisure-time moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and metabolic equivalent task (MET) minutes of MVPA in the past 30 days. Of 6549 participants, 385 were excluded from the analysis due to missing values for 1 or more of the study variables. Of the remaining 6164 participants, 84 (1.4%) reported having a diagnosis of psoriasis with few or no psoriasis patches at the time of the survey, and 71 (1.2%) reported having a diagnosis of psoriasis with few to extensive patches at the time of the survey.¹⁰

Participants with psoriasis were less likely to participate in MVPA in the previous 30 days compared to participants without psoriasis, but the association was not statistically significant.¹⁰ The study demonstrated that, on average, participants with psoriasis spent 31% (95% confidence interval [CI], −0.57 to −0.05) fewer MET minutes on leisure-time MVPA versus participants without psoriasis; however, this association was not statistically significant. It is important to note that the diagnosis of psoriasis was self-reported, and measures of disease duration or areas of involvement were not incorporated.

Comment

Our review revealed that vigorous physical activity may be reduced in patients with psoriasis compared to those without psoriasis. Initially, we aimed to perform a systematic review of the literature; however, only 1 study met the criteria for the systematic review, highlighting the need for more robust studies evaluating this subject.

Do et al¹⁰ demonstrated that psoriasis patients were less likely to participate in MVPA, but the findings were not statistically significant. Of those who participated in MVPA, MET minutes were fewer among patients with few to extensive skin lesions compared to those without psoriasis. The investigators suggested that psoriasis patients with more severe disease tend to exercise less and ultimately would benefit from regular vigorous physical activity.

Frankel et al⁷ performed a prospective cohort study in US women to evaluate the role of physical activity in preventing psoriasis. The investigators reported that the most physically active quintile had a lower multivariate relative risk of psoriasis (0.72; 95% CI, 0.59–0.89; P<.001 for trend) compared to the least active quintile.⁷ Additionally, vigorous physical activity, which was defined as 6 or more MET minutes, was associated with a significantly lower risk of incident psoriasis (0.66; 95% CI, 0.54–0.81; P<.001 for trend), which maintained significance after adjusting for body mass index (BMI). The investigators suggested that, by decreasing chronic inflammation and lowering levels of proinflammatory cytokines, vigorous physical activity may reduce the risk of psoriasis development in women.⁷ It is plausible that vigorous physical activity modifies the state of chronic inflammation, which could subsequently reduce the risk of developing psoriasis; however, further long-term, randomized, prospective studies are needed to verify the relationship between physical activity and development of psoriasis.

Torres et al⁸ performed a cross-sectional questionnaire study to assess physical activity in patients with severe psoriasis (defined as >10% body surface area involvement and/or disease requiring systemic therapy or phototherapy) versus healthy controls. Physical activity level was measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. The odds ratio of low-level physical activity compared to non–low-level physical activity among psoriasis patients versus controls was 3.42 (95% CI, 1.47–7.91; P=.002). Additionally, the average total MET minutes of psoriasis patients were significantly reduced compared to those of the healthy controls (P=.001). Thus, the investigators suggested that vigorous physical activity is less likely in psoriasis patients, which may contribute to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease in this population.⁸ Vigorous physical activity would benefit patients with psoriasis to help lower the chronic state of inflammation and cardiometabolic comorbidities.

Demirel et al⁹ performed a study to compare aerobic exercise capacity and daily physical activity level in psoriasis patients (n=30) compared to controls (n=30). Daily physical activity, measured with an accelerometer, was significantly higher in male patients with psoriasis compared to controls (P=.021). No significant difference was reported in maximal aerobic capacity in both male and female psoriasis patients versus controls. The investigators suggested that the level of daily physical activity is not limited in psoriasis patients, yet the small sample size may limit the generalizability of the study.

The ability to dissipate heat during exercise seems to be diminished in patients with psoriasis. Specifically, it has been suggested that psoriasis lesions interfere with normal perspiration.¹¹ Moreover, joint involvement in patients with psoriatic arthritis may lead to physical functional disabilities that can interfere with the ability of these patients to participate in regular physical activity.^12-14 For this reason, our review excluded articles that evaluated patients with psoriatic arthritis. Despite this exclusion, it is important to consider that comorbid psoriatic arthritis in clinical practice may impede patients with psoriasis from participating in physical activity. Additionally, various social aspects also may limit physical activity in psoriasis patients; for instance, psoriasis patients often avoid activities that involve increased exposure of the skin (eg, communal showers, wearing sports attire).¹⁵

Furthermore, obese psoriasis patients are less likely to exercise compared to obese individuals without psoriasis.¹⁶ In patients with higher BMI, the risk of psoriasis is increased.¹⁷ A systematic review suggested that weight loss may improve psoriasis severity.¹⁸ Bariatric surgery also may improve psoriasis.¹⁹ Moreover, obesity may interfere with response to biologic therapies for psoriasis. Specifically, higher BMI is linked with lower response to fixed-dose biologic therapies compared to weight-based biologic options (eg, infliximab).^20,21

Conclusion

Given the increased risk of myocardial infarction in patients with psoriasis, it is important to recognize the barriers to physical activity that psoriasis patients face.²² Due to the considerable health benefits associated with regular physical activity, physicians should encourage patients with psoriasis to participate in physical activity as tolerated. Of note, the studies included in this review varied in their definitions of psoriasis disease severity and measures of physical activity level. Long-term, randomized, prospective studies are needed to clarify the relationship between psoriasis and physical activity. Evidence from these studies would help guide clinical recommendations regarding the role of physical activity for patients with psoriasis.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects approximately 2% to 3% of the US population.¹ Patients with psoriasis are more likely to have cardiovascular risk factors (eg, obesity, metabolic syndrome) than individuals without psoriasis.² In fact, recent evidence has suggested that a diagnosis of psoriasis is an independent risk factor for cardiometabolic diseases including diabetes, major adverse cardiovascular events, and obesity.³ Given the well-recognized health benefits of physical activity and the associated reduction in coronary heart disease risk,⁴ patients with psoriasis specifically may benefit from regular participation in physical activity. Thus, an enhanced understanding of the relationship between psoriasis and vigorous physical activity would help determine the role of initiating and recommending interventions that implement physical activity for patients with psoriasis. A review was conducted to determine the relationship between psoriasis and vigorous physical activity.

Methods

An English-language literature search of PubMed articles indexed for MEDLINE (January 1, 1946–October 15, 2017) as well as articles in the Embase database (January 1, 1947–October 15, 2017) and Cochrane Library (January 1, 1992–October 15, 2017) using the terms psoriasis and physical activity was performed. The search strategy was established based on a prior review of vigorous physical activity in eczema.⁵ The article titles and/or abstracts were reviewed, and the studies were excluded if they did not evaluate physical activity in patients with psoriasis. Studies without a control group also were excluded. Articles on patients with psoriatic arthritis and studies that involved modification of dietary intake also were excluded.

Two reviewers (M.A. and E.B.L.) independently extracted data from the studies and compiled the results. The following factors were included in the data extracted: study year, location, and design; method of diagnosis of psoriasis; total number of patients included in the study; and age, gender, and level of physical activity of the study patients. Level of physical activity was the exposure, and diagnosis of psoriasis was the dependent variable. Physical activity was defined differently across the studies that were evaluated. To determine study quality, we implemented the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS), a 9-star scoring system that includes items such as selection criteria, comparability, and study outcome.⁶ Studies with an NOS score of 7 or higher were included in the meta-analysis.

Results

The literature search generated 353 nonduplicate articles. A thorough review of the articles yielded 4 studies that were incorporated in the final analysis.^7-10 We aimed to perform a meta-analysis; however, only 1 of the studies included in the final analysis had an NOS score of 7 or higher along with adequate data to be incorporated into our study.¹⁰ As a result, the meta-analysis was converted to a regular review.

The cross-sectional study we reviewed, which had an NOS score of 7, included males and females in the United States aged 20 to 59 years.¹⁰ Data were collected using the population-based National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2003 to 2006. The survey measured the likelihood of participation in leisure-time moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and metabolic equivalent task (MET) minutes of MVPA in the past 30 days. Of 6549 participants, 385 were excluded from the analysis due to missing values for 1 or more of the study variables. Of the remaining 6164 participants, 84 (1.4%) reported having a diagnosis of psoriasis with few or no psoriasis patches at the time of the survey, and 71 (1.2%) reported having a diagnosis of psoriasis with few to extensive patches at the time of the survey.¹⁰

Participants with psoriasis were less likely to participate in MVPA in the previous 30 days compared to participants without psoriasis, but the association was not statistically significant.¹⁰ The study demonstrated that, on average, participants with psoriasis spent 31% (95% confidence interval [CI], −0.57 to −0.05) fewer MET minutes on leisure-time MVPA versus participants without psoriasis; however, this association was not statistically significant. It is important to note that the diagnosis of psoriasis was self-reported, and measures of disease duration or areas of involvement were not incorporated.

Comment

Our review revealed that vigorous physical activity may be reduced in patients with psoriasis compared to those without psoriasis. Initially, we aimed to perform a systematic review of the literature; however, only 1 study met the criteria for the systematic review, highlighting the need for more robust studies evaluating this subject.

Do et al¹⁰ demonstrated that psoriasis patients were less likely to participate in MVPA, but the findings were not statistically significant. Of those who participated in MVPA, MET minutes were fewer among patients with few to extensive skin lesions compared to those without psoriasis. The investigators suggested that psoriasis patients with more severe disease tend to exercise less and ultimately would benefit from regular vigorous physical activity.

Frankel et al⁷ performed a prospective cohort study in US women to evaluate the role of physical activity in preventing psoriasis. The investigators reported that the most physically active quintile had a lower multivariate relative risk of psoriasis (0.72; 95% CI, 0.59–0.89; P<.001 for trend) compared to the least active quintile.⁷ Additionally, vigorous physical activity, which was defined as 6 or more MET minutes, was associated with a significantly lower risk of incident psoriasis (0.66; 95% CI, 0.54–0.81; P<.001 for trend), which maintained significance after adjusting for body mass index (BMI). The investigators suggested that, by decreasing chronic inflammation and lowering levels of proinflammatory cytokines, vigorous physical activity may reduce the risk of psoriasis development in women.⁷ It is plausible that vigorous physical activity modifies the state of chronic inflammation, which could subsequently reduce the risk of developing psoriasis; however, further long-term, randomized, prospective studies are needed to verify the relationship between physical activity and development of psoriasis.

Torres et al⁸ performed a cross-sectional questionnaire study to assess physical activity in patients with severe psoriasis (defined as >10% body surface area involvement and/or disease requiring systemic therapy or phototherapy) versus healthy controls. Physical activity level was measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. The odds ratio of low-level physical activity compared to non–low-level physical activity among psoriasis patients versus controls was 3.42 (95% CI, 1.47–7.91; P=.002). Additionally, the average total MET minutes of psoriasis patients were significantly reduced compared to those of the healthy controls (P=.001). Thus, the investigators suggested that vigorous physical activity is less likely in psoriasis patients, which may contribute to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease in this population.⁸ Vigorous physical activity would benefit patients with psoriasis to help lower the chronic state of inflammation and cardiometabolic comorbidities.

Demirel et al⁹ performed a study to compare aerobic exercise capacity and daily physical activity level in psoriasis patients (n=30) compared to controls (n=30). Daily physical activity, measured with an accelerometer, was significantly higher in male patients with psoriasis compared to controls (P=.021). No significant difference was reported in maximal aerobic capacity in both male and female psoriasis patients versus controls. The investigators suggested that the level of daily physical activity is not limited in psoriasis patients, yet the small sample size may limit the generalizability of the study.

The ability to dissipate heat during exercise seems to be diminished in patients with psoriasis. Specifically, it has been suggested that psoriasis lesions interfere with normal perspiration.¹¹ Moreover, joint involvement in patients with psoriatic arthritis may lead to physical functional disabilities that can interfere with the ability of these patients to participate in regular physical activity.^12-14 For this reason, our review excluded articles that evaluated patients with psoriatic arthritis. Despite this exclusion, it is important to consider that comorbid psoriatic arthritis in clinical practice may impede patients with psoriasis from participating in physical activity. Additionally, various social aspects also may limit physical activity in psoriasis patients; for instance, psoriasis patients often avoid activities that involve increased exposure of the skin (eg, communal showers, wearing sports attire).¹⁵

Furthermore, obese psoriasis patients are less likely to exercise compared to obese individuals without psoriasis.¹⁶ In patients with higher BMI, the risk of psoriasis is increased.¹⁷ A systematic review suggested that weight loss may improve psoriasis severity.¹⁸ Bariatric surgery also may improve psoriasis.¹⁹ Moreover, obesity may interfere with response to biologic therapies for psoriasis. Specifically, higher BMI is linked with lower response to fixed-dose biologic therapies compared to weight-based biologic options (eg, infliximab).^20,21

Conclusion

Given the increased risk of myocardial infarction in patients with psoriasis, it is important to recognize the barriers to physical activity that psoriasis patients face.²² Due to the considerable health benefits associated with regular physical activity, physicians should encourage patients with psoriasis to participate in physical activity as tolerated. Of note, the studies included in this review varied in their definitions of psoriasis disease severity and measures of physical activity level. Long-term, randomized, prospective studies are needed to clarify the relationship between psoriasis and physical activity. Evidence from these studies would help guide clinical recommendations regarding the role of physical activity for patients with psoriasis.

We applaud Kimball et al¹ on their report that adalimumab demonstrated clinical improvement in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) versus placebo in 2 phase 3 trials. Hidradenitis suppurativa is a chronic relapsing condition with painful subcutaneous abscesses, malodorous drainage, sinus tract formation, and scarring that typically occurs in the axillae and anogenital region. It impairs the quality of life for these patients, as evidenced by higher Dermatology Life Quality Index scores compared to psoriasis, pimples, hand rash, atopic eczema, or control.²

The exact pathogenesis of HS is unknown but likely involves a complex interaction of genetic, hormonal, immunologic, and environmental factors.³ The levels of inflammatory cytokines are elevated in HS lesions, specifically IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor α, IL-10, and CXCL9, as well as monokines from IFN-γ, IL-11, and IL-17A. Additionally, the dermis of affected regions contains IL-12– and IL-23–containing macrophages along with IL-17–producing T cells.³ These findings reveal many potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of HS.

PIONEER I and PIONEER II are similarly designed 36-week phase 3 trials of 633 patients with HS who were unresponsive to oral antibiotic treatment.¹ By week 12, a significantly greater proportion of patients receiving adalimumab demonstrated clinical improvement (≥50% reduction in total abscess and nodule count) compared to placebo in both trials (PIONEER I: 41.8% vs 26.0%, P=.003; PIONEER II: 58.9% vs 27.6%, P<.001). Secondary end points (inflammatory-nodule count, pain score, and disease severity) were only achieved in PIONEER II. The difference in clinical improvement between the trials is likely due to higher baseline disease severity in the HS patients in PIONEER I versus PIONEER II. No new safety risks were reported and were in accordance with prior adalimumab trials for other diseases. Notably, 10 paradoxical psoriasislike eruptions were reported.¹

Adalimumab is the first and only US Food and Drug Administration–approved therapy for HS. Further understanding of the pathogenesis of HS may result in additional biologic treatments for HS. We encourage the manufacturers of other biologic therapies, such as infliximab,⁴ ustekinumab,⁵ anakinra,⁶ secukinumab, ixekizumab, and brodalumab, to consider conducting further clinical trials in HS to enhance the therapeutic options available for this debilitating disease.

We applaud Kimball et al¹ on their report that adalimumab demonstrated clinical improvement in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) versus placebo in 2 phase 3 trials. Hidradenitis suppurativa is a chronic relapsing condition with painful subcutaneous abscesses, malodorous drainage, sinus tract formation, and scarring that typically occurs in the axillae and anogenital region. It impairs the quality of life for these patients, as evidenced by higher Dermatology Life Quality Index scores compared to psoriasis, pimples, hand rash, atopic eczema, or control.²

The exact pathogenesis of HS is unknown but likely involves a complex interaction of genetic, hormonal, immunologic, and environmental factors.³ The levels of inflammatory cytokines are elevated in HS lesions, specifically IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor α, IL-10, and CXCL9, as well as monokines from IFN-γ, IL-11, and IL-17A. Additionally, the dermis of affected regions contains IL-12– and IL-23–containing macrophages along with IL-17–producing T cells.³ These findings reveal many potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of HS.

PIONEER I and PIONEER II are similarly designed 36-week phase 3 trials of 633 patients with HS who were unresponsive to oral antibiotic treatment.¹ By week 12, a significantly greater proportion of patients receiving adalimumab demonstrated clinical improvement (≥50% reduction in total abscess and nodule count) compared to placebo in both trials (PIONEER I: 41.8% vs 26.0%, P=.003; PIONEER II: 58.9% vs 27.6%, P<.001). Secondary end points (inflammatory-nodule count, pain score, and disease severity) were only achieved in PIONEER II. The difference in clinical improvement between the trials is likely due to higher baseline disease severity in the HS patients in PIONEER I versus PIONEER II. No new safety risks were reported and were in accordance with prior adalimumab trials for other diseases. Notably, 10 paradoxical psoriasislike eruptions were reported.¹

Adalimumab is the first and only US Food and Drug Administration–approved therapy for HS. Further understanding of the pathogenesis of HS may result in additional biologic treatments for HS. We encourage the manufacturers of other biologic therapies, such as infliximab,⁴ ustekinumab,⁵ anakinra,⁶ secukinumab, ixekizumab, and brodalumab, to consider conducting further clinical trials in HS to enhance the therapeutic options available for this debilitating disease.

We applaud Kimball et al¹ on their report that adalimumab demonstrated clinical improvement in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) versus placebo in 2 phase 3 trials. Hidradenitis suppurativa is a chronic relapsing condition with painful subcutaneous abscesses, malodorous drainage, sinus tract formation, and scarring that typically occurs in the axillae and anogenital region. It impairs the quality of life for these patients, as evidenced by higher Dermatology Life Quality Index scores compared to psoriasis, pimples, hand rash, atopic eczema, or control.²

The exact pathogenesis of HS is unknown but likely involves a complex interaction of genetic, hormonal, immunologic, and environmental factors.³ The levels of inflammatory cytokines are elevated in HS lesions, specifically IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor α, IL-10, and CXCL9, as well as monokines from IFN-γ, IL-11, and IL-17A. Additionally, the dermis of affected regions contains IL-12– and IL-23–containing macrophages along with IL-17–producing T cells.³ These findings reveal many potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of HS.

PIONEER I and PIONEER II are similarly designed 36-week phase 3 trials of 633 patients with HS who were unresponsive to oral antibiotic treatment.¹ By week 12, a significantly greater proportion of patients receiving adalimumab demonstrated clinical improvement (≥50% reduction in total abscess and nodule count) compared to placebo in both trials (PIONEER I: 41.8% vs 26.0%, P=.003; PIONEER II: 58.9% vs 27.6%, P<.001). Secondary end points (inflammatory-nodule count, pain score, and disease severity) were only achieved in PIONEER II. The difference in clinical improvement between the trials is likely due to higher baseline disease severity in the HS patients in PIONEER I versus PIONEER II. No new safety risks were reported and were in accordance with prior adalimumab trials for other diseases. Notably, 10 paradoxical psoriasislike eruptions were reported.¹

Adalimumab is the first and only US Food and Drug Administration–approved therapy for HS. Further understanding of the pathogenesis of HS may result in additional biologic treatments for HS. We encourage the manufacturers of other biologic therapies, such as infliximab,⁴ ustekinumab,⁵ anakinra,⁶ secukinumab, ixekizumab, and brodalumab, to consider conducting further clinical trials in HS to enhance the therapeutic options available for this debilitating disease.

Currently, there is no widely accepted tool for assessing the severity of psoriasis in the clinical setting.^1-5 Moreover, there is still a need for a simple assessment tool to assist in evaluating a patient’s response to therapy in clinical practice.⁶

The body surface area (BSA) is a familiar and widely used measurement by clinicians. It is easily calculated by the rule of nines or with the patient’s open palm and thumb approximating 1% of the BSA.⁷ Body surface area is an uncomplicated concept for patients to understand and interpret. It also promotes patient empowerment and self-care by allowing patients to monitor short-term and long-term response to therapy.

The National Psoriasis Foundation Medical Board published treatment targets for plaque psoriasis. One of the conclusions states, “The acceptable response at 3 months postinitiation was either BSA 3% or less or BSA improvement 75% or more from baseline.”⁸

We propose a new nomenclature that a 75% improvement in BSA be recognized as BSA75, a 90% improvement in BSA as BSA90, and a 100% improvement in BSA as BSA100. These classifications would be analogous to corresponding improvements in the following psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) scores: PASI 75, PASI 90, PASI 100.⁹ A loss of BSA goals/milestones (ie, BSA75) could encourage and facilitate physician-patient conversations and further direct modifications to disease management and treatment therapy.

A potential drawback to the implementation of this novel categorization system is that other notable aspects of psoriasis would not be assessed, such as erythema, induration, or scale; subjective measurements; patient quality of life; patient symptoms; areas of involvement (eg, palms, soles of feet); and disease course. Nevertheless, the BSA75, BSA90, and BSA100 classifications can serve as practical, objective, and straightforward tools to monitor disease progression and treatment response in psoriasis patients, which may potentially promote improved patient outcomes in clinical practice.

Currently, there is no widely accepted tool for assessing the severity of psoriasis in the clinical setting.^1-5 Moreover, there is still a need for a simple assessment tool to assist in evaluating a patient’s response to therapy in clinical practice.⁶

The body surface area (BSA) is a familiar and widely used measurement by clinicians. It is easily calculated by the rule of nines or with the patient’s open palm and thumb approximating 1% of the BSA.⁷ Body surface area is an uncomplicated concept for patients to understand and interpret. It also promotes patient empowerment and self-care by allowing patients to monitor short-term and long-term response to therapy.

The National Psoriasis Foundation Medical Board published treatment targets for plaque psoriasis. One of the conclusions states, “The acceptable response at 3 months postinitiation was either BSA 3% or less or BSA improvement 75% or more from baseline.”⁸

We propose a new nomenclature that a 75% improvement in BSA be recognized as BSA75, a 90% improvement in BSA as BSA90, and a 100% improvement in BSA as BSA100. These classifications would be analogous to corresponding improvements in the following psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) scores: PASI 75, PASI 90, PASI 100.⁹ A loss of BSA goals/milestones (ie, BSA75) could encourage and facilitate physician-patient conversations and further direct modifications to disease management and treatment therapy.

A potential drawback to the implementation of this novel categorization system is that other notable aspects of psoriasis would not be assessed, such as erythema, induration, or scale; subjective measurements; patient quality of life; patient symptoms; areas of involvement (eg, palms, soles of feet); and disease course. Nevertheless, the BSA75, BSA90, and BSA100 classifications can serve as practical, objective, and straightforward tools to monitor disease progression and treatment response in psoriasis patients, which may potentially promote improved patient outcomes in clinical practice.

Currently, there is no widely accepted tool for assessing the severity of psoriasis in the clinical setting.^1-5 Moreover, there is still a need for a simple assessment tool to assist in evaluating a patient’s response to therapy in clinical practice.⁶

The body surface area (BSA) is a familiar and widely used measurement by clinicians. It is easily calculated by the rule of nines or with the patient’s open palm and thumb approximating 1% of the BSA.⁷ Body surface area is an uncomplicated concept for patients to understand and interpret. It also promotes patient empowerment and self-care by allowing patients to monitor short-term and long-term response to therapy.

The National Psoriasis Foundation Medical Board published treatment targets for plaque psoriasis. One of the conclusions states, “The acceptable response at 3 months postinitiation was either BSA 3% or less or BSA improvement 75% or more from baseline.”⁸

We propose a new nomenclature that a 75% improvement in BSA be recognized as BSA75, a 90% improvement in BSA as BSA90, and a 100% improvement in BSA as BSA100. These classifications would be analogous to corresponding improvements in the following psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) scores: PASI 75, PASI 90, PASI 100.⁹ A loss of BSA goals/milestones (ie, BSA75) could encourage and facilitate physician-patient conversations and further direct modifications to disease management and treatment therapy.

A potential drawback to the implementation of this novel categorization system is that other notable aspects of psoriasis would not be assessed, such as erythema, induration, or scale; subjective measurements; patient quality of life; patient symptoms; areas of involvement (eg, palms, soles of feet); and disease course. Nevertheless, the BSA75, BSA90, and BSA100 classifications can serve as practical, objective, and straightforward tools to monitor disease progression and treatment response in psoriasis patients, which may potentially promote improved patient outcomes in clinical practice.

The cardiovascular comorbidities associated with psoriasis have been well documented; however, the mechanism by which psoriasis increases the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains unclear. Elevated systemic inflammatory cytokines and mediators may play a key role in their association, which prompts the questions: Do systemic medications have a protective effect? Do patients on systemic antipsoriatic treatment have a decreased risk for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) compared with untreated patients?

We believe the shared inflammatory processes involved in psoriasis and atherosclerosis formation are potential targets for therapy in reducing the incidence of CVD and its associated complications. A growing amount of evidence suggests cardioprotective effects associated with antipsoriatic treatments such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors and methotrexate. Gkalpakiotis et al¹ demonstrated a reduction in serum E-selectin (mean [standard deviation], 53.04 [23.54] ng/mL vs 35.32 [8.70] ng/mL; P<.001) and IL-22 (25.11 [19.9] pg/mL vs 12.83 [8.42] pg/mL; P<.001) after 3 months of adalimumab administration in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis. Both E-selectin and IL-22 are associated with the development of atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, and an increased incidence of CVD. Similarly, Wu et al² demonstrated a statistically significant reduction (–5.04 mg/dL [95% confidence interval [CI], –8.24 to –2.12; P<.01) in C-reactive protein in patients with psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis after concurrent use of methotrexate and TNF inhibitors.

Solomon et al³ compared the rate of newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus among psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with TNF inhibitors, methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine, and other nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. The authors’ findings suggest that those who take a TNF inhibitor (hazard ratio [HR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.42-0.91) and hydroxychloroquine (HR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.36-0.80) are at lower risk for diabetes mellitus compared to those treated with nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Conversely, the methotrexate (HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.53-1.13) cohort did not show a statistically significant reduction in diabetes risk.³

Pina et al⁴ revealed improvement in endothelial function after 6 months of adalimumab use in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis. To evaluate the presence of subclinical endothelial dysfunction, the authors assessed brachial artery reactivity by measuring flow-mediated dilation and carotid artery stiffness by pulse wave velocity. Patients showed an increase in flow-mediated dilation (mean [SD], 6.19% [2.44%] vs 7.46% [2.43%]; P=.008) and reduction in pulse wave velocity (6.28 [1.04] m/s vs 5.69 [1.31] m/s; P=.03) compared to baseline measurements, indicating an improvement of endothelial function.⁴

Ahlehoff et al⁵ observed for improvements in subclinical left ventricular dysfunction in psoriasis patients after treatment with biologics. Using echocardiography, they assessed for changes in diastolic function and left ventricular systolic deformation (defined by global longitudinal strain). Of patients who received 3 months of biologic therapy (TNF inhibitor orIL-12/23 inhibitor) and maintained at minimum a psoriasis area and severity index 50 response, all demonstrated an improvement in diastolic function (mean [SD], 8.1 [2.1] vs 6.7 [1.9]; P<.001) and global longitudinal strain (mean [SD], –16.8% [2.1%] vs –18.3% [2.3%]; P<.001). Of note, patients who did not achieve a psoriasis area and severity index 50 response at follow-up did not exhibit an improvement in subclinical myocardial function.⁵

Moreover, a Danish nationwide study with up to 5-year follow-up evaluated the risk for MACE (ie, cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke) in patients with severe psoriasis receiving systemic anti-inflammatory medications and nonsystemic therapies including topical treatments, phototherapy, and climate therapy.⁶ Compared to nonsystemic therapies, methotrexate use (HR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.34-0.83) was associated with a decreased risk for cardiovascular events. However, a protective decreased risk was not found among patients who used systemic cyclosporine (HR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.26-4.27) or retinoids (HR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.03-2.96). Any biological drug use had a comparable but nonsignificant reduction of cardiovascular events (HR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.30-1.10). After multivariable adjustment, TNF inhibitors were associated with a statistically significant decreased risk for cardiovascular events (HR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.22-0.98; P=.04) compared to nonsystemic therapies. The IL-12/23 inhibitor did not demonstrate this relationship (HR, 1.52; 95% CI, 0.47-4.94).⁶

Lastly, Wu et al⁷ compared the risk for MACE (ie, myocardial infarction, stroke, unstable angina, transient ischemic attack) between patients with psoriasis who received TNF inhibitors or methotrexate. The TNF inhibitor and methotrexate cohorts were observed for a median of 12 months and 9 months, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, they found a 45% reduction (HR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.45-0.67) in cardiovascular event risk in the TNF inhibitor cohort compared with the methotrexate cohort. Notably, analyses also showed comparatively fewer cardiovascular events in the TNF inhibitor cohort throughout all time points—6, 12, 18, 24, 60 months—in the observation period. Regression analysis revealed an 11% reduction in cardiovascular events (HR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.80-0.98) with each additional 6 months of cumulative TNF inhibitor exposure.

The current sum of evidence suggests cardioprotective effects of TNF inhibitor and methotrexate use. However, given the cumulative systemic toxicity and inferior cutaneous efficacy of methotrexate, TNF inhibitors will likely play a more significant role going forward. The role of methotrexate may be for its simultaneous use with biologic therapies to limit immunogenicity. Newer biologic agents such as IL-12/23 and IL-17 inhibitors have not yet been as extensively studied for their effects on cardiovascular risk as their TNF inhibitor counterparts. However, because of their shared ability to target specific immunological pathways, it is plausible that IL-12/23 and IL-17 agents may exhibit cardioprotective effects.⁸

Patients with psoriasis should be counseled and educated about the increased risk for CVD and its associated morbidity and mortality risk. Screening for modifiable risk factors and recommending therapeutic lifestyle changes also is appropriate. Future studies should help define the role of specific systemic drugs in reducing the risk for CVD in patients with psoriasis. Despite the expanding amount of evidence in the current literature implicating the use of TNF inhibitors for cardiovascular risk prevention, there is still a need for long-term, randomized, placebo-controlled trials to provide more authoritative evidence-based recommendations.

The cardiovascular comorbidities associated with psoriasis have been well documented; however, the mechanism by which psoriasis increases the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains unclear. Elevated systemic inflammatory cytokines and mediators may play a key role in their association, which prompts the questions: Do systemic medications have a protective effect? Do patients on systemic antipsoriatic treatment have a decreased risk for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) compared with untreated patients?

We believe the shared inflammatory processes involved in psoriasis and atherosclerosis formation are potential targets for therapy in reducing the incidence of CVD and its associated complications. A growing amount of evidence suggests cardioprotective effects associated with antipsoriatic treatments such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors and methotrexate. Gkalpakiotis et al¹ demonstrated a reduction in serum E-selectin (mean [standard deviation], 53.04 [23.54] ng/mL vs 35.32 [8.70] ng/mL; P<.001) and IL-22 (25.11 [19.9] pg/mL vs 12.83 [8.42] pg/mL; P<.001) after 3 months of adalimumab administration in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis. Both E-selectin and IL-22 are associated with the development of atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, and an increased incidence of CVD. Similarly, Wu et al² demonstrated a statistically significant reduction (–5.04 mg/dL [95% confidence interval [CI], –8.24 to –2.12; P<.01) in C-reactive protein in patients with psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis after concurrent use of methotrexate and TNF inhibitors.

Solomon et al³ compared the rate of newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus among psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with TNF inhibitors, methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine, and other nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. The authors’ findings suggest that those who take a TNF inhibitor (hazard ratio [HR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.42-0.91) and hydroxychloroquine (HR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.36-0.80) are at lower risk for diabetes mellitus compared to those treated with nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Conversely, the methotrexate (HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.53-1.13) cohort did not show a statistically significant reduction in diabetes risk.³

Pina et al⁴ revealed improvement in endothelial function after 6 months of adalimumab use in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis. To evaluate the presence of subclinical endothelial dysfunction, the authors assessed brachial artery reactivity by measuring flow-mediated dilation and carotid artery stiffness by pulse wave velocity. Patients showed an increase in flow-mediated dilation (mean [SD], 6.19% [2.44%] vs 7.46% [2.43%]; P=.008) and reduction in pulse wave velocity (6.28 [1.04] m/s vs 5.69 [1.31] m/s; P=.03) compared to baseline measurements, indicating an improvement of endothelial function.⁴

Ahlehoff et al⁵ observed for improvements in subclinical left ventricular dysfunction in psoriasis patients after treatment with biologics. Using echocardiography, they assessed for changes in diastolic function and left ventricular systolic deformation (defined by global longitudinal strain). Of patients who received 3 months of biologic therapy (TNF inhibitor orIL-12/23 inhibitor) and maintained at minimum a psoriasis area and severity index 50 response, all demonstrated an improvement in diastolic function (mean [SD], 8.1 [2.1] vs 6.7 [1.9]; P<.001) and global longitudinal strain (mean [SD], –16.8% [2.1%] vs –18.3% [2.3%]; P<.001). Of note, patients who did not achieve a psoriasis area and severity index 50 response at follow-up did not exhibit an improvement in subclinical myocardial function.⁵

Moreover, a Danish nationwide study with up to 5-year follow-up evaluated the risk for MACE (ie, cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke) in patients with severe psoriasis receiving systemic anti-inflammatory medications and nonsystemic therapies including topical treatments, phototherapy, and climate therapy.⁶ Compared to nonsystemic therapies, methotrexate use (HR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.34-0.83) was associated with a decreased risk for cardiovascular events. However, a protective decreased risk was not found among patients who used systemic cyclosporine (HR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.26-4.27) or retinoids (HR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.03-2.96). Any biological drug use had a comparable but nonsignificant reduction of cardiovascular events (HR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.30-1.10). After multivariable adjustment, TNF inhibitors were associated with a statistically significant decreased risk for cardiovascular events (HR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.22-0.98; P=.04) compared to nonsystemic therapies. The IL-12/23 inhibitor did not demonstrate this relationship (HR, 1.52; 95% CI, 0.47-4.94).⁶

Lastly, Wu et al⁷ compared the risk for MACE (ie, myocardial infarction, stroke, unstable angina, transient ischemic attack) between patients with psoriasis who received TNF inhibitors or methotrexate. The TNF inhibitor and methotrexate cohorts were observed for a median of 12 months and 9 months, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, they found a 45% reduction (HR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.45-0.67) in cardiovascular event risk in the TNF inhibitor cohort compared with the methotrexate cohort. Notably, analyses also showed comparatively fewer cardiovascular events in the TNF inhibitor cohort throughout all time points—6, 12, 18, 24, 60 months—in the observation period. Regression analysis revealed an 11% reduction in cardiovascular events (HR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.80-0.98) with each additional 6 months of cumulative TNF inhibitor exposure.

The current sum of evidence suggests cardioprotective effects of TNF inhibitor and methotrexate use. However, given the cumulative systemic toxicity and inferior cutaneous efficacy of methotrexate, TNF inhibitors will likely play a more significant role going forward. The role of methotrexate may be for its simultaneous use with biologic therapies to limit immunogenicity. Newer biologic agents such as IL-12/23 and IL-17 inhibitors have not yet been as extensively studied for their effects on cardiovascular risk as their TNF inhibitor counterparts. However, because of their shared ability to target specific immunological pathways, it is plausible that IL-12/23 and IL-17 agents may exhibit cardioprotective effects.⁸

Patients with psoriasis should be counseled and educated about the increased risk for CVD and its associated morbidity and mortality risk. Screening for modifiable risk factors and recommending therapeutic lifestyle changes also is appropriate. Future studies should help define the role of specific systemic drugs in reducing the risk for CVD in patients with psoriasis. Despite the expanding amount of evidence in the current literature implicating the use of TNF inhibitors for cardiovascular risk prevention, there is still a need for long-term, randomized, placebo-controlled trials to provide more authoritative evidence-based recommendations.

The cardiovascular comorbidities associated with psoriasis have been well documented; however, the mechanism by which psoriasis increases the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains unclear. Elevated systemic inflammatory cytokines and mediators may play a key role in their association, which prompts the questions: Do systemic medications have a protective effect? Do patients on systemic antipsoriatic treatment have a decreased risk for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) compared with untreated patients?

We believe the shared inflammatory processes involved in psoriasis and atherosclerosis formation are potential targets for therapy in reducing the incidence of CVD and its associated complications. A growing amount of evidence suggests cardioprotective effects associated with antipsoriatic treatments such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors and methotrexate. Gkalpakiotis et al¹ demonstrated a reduction in serum E-selectin (mean [standard deviation], 53.04 [23.54] ng/mL vs 35.32 [8.70] ng/mL; P<.001) and IL-22 (25.11 [19.9] pg/mL vs 12.83 [8.42] pg/mL; P<.001) after 3 months of adalimumab administration in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis. Both E-selectin and IL-22 are associated with the development of atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, and an increased incidence of CVD. Similarly, Wu et al² demonstrated a statistically significant reduction (–5.04 mg/dL [95% confidence interval [CI], –8.24 to –2.12; P<.01) in C-reactive protein in patients with psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis after concurrent use of methotrexate and TNF inhibitors.

Solomon et al³ compared the rate of newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus among psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with TNF inhibitors, methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine, and other nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. The authors’ findings suggest that those who take a TNF inhibitor (hazard ratio [HR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.42-0.91) and hydroxychloroquine (HR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.36-0.80) are at lower risk for diabetes mellitus compared to those treated with nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Conversely, the methotrexate (HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.53-1.13) cohort did not show a statistically significant reduction in diabetes risk.³

Pina et al⁴ revealed improvement in endothelial function after 6 months of adalimumab use in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis. To evaluate the presence of subclinical endothelial dysfunction, the authors assessed brachial artery reactivity by measuring flow-mediated dilation and carotid artery stiffness by pulse wave velocity. Patients showed an increase in flow-mediated dilation (mean [SD], 6.19% [2.44%] vs 7.46% [2.43%]; P=.008) and reduction in pulse wave velocity (6.28 [1.04] m/s vs 5.69 [1.31] m/s; P=.03) compared to baseline measurements, indicating an improvement of endothelial function.⁴

Ahlehoff et al⁵ observed for improvements in subclinical left ventricular dysfunction in psoriasis patients after treatment with biologics. Using echocardiography, they assessed for changes in diastolic function and left ventricular systolic deformation (defined by global longitudinal strain). Of patients who received 3 months of biologic therapy (TNF inhibitor orIL-12/23 inhibitor) and maintained at minimum a psoriasis area and severity index 50 response, all demonstrated an improvement in diastolic function (mean [SD], 8.1 [2.1] vs 6.7 [1.9]; P<.001) and global longitudinal strain (mean [SD], –16.8% [2.1%] vs –18.3% [2.3%]; P<.001). Of note, patients who did not achieve a psoriasis area and severity index 50 response at follow-up did not exhibit an improvement in subclinical myocardial function.⁵

Moreover, a Danish nationwide study with up to 5-year follow-up evaluated the risk for MACE (ie, cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke) in patients with severe psoriasis receiving systemic anti-inflammatory medications and nonsystemic therapies including topical treatments, phototherapy, and climate therapy.⁶ Compared to nonsystemic therapies, methotrexate use (HR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.34-0.83) was associated with a decreased risk for cardiovascular events. However, a protective decreased risk was not found among patients who used systemic cyclosporine (HR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.26-4.27) or retinoids (HR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.03-2.96). Any biological drug use had a comparable but nonsignificant reduction of cardiovascular events (HR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.30-1.10). After multivariable adjustment, TNF inhibitors were associated with a statistically significant decreased risk for cardiovascular events (HR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.22-0.98; P=.04) compared to nonsystemic therapies. The IL-12/23 inhibitor did not demonstrate this relationship (HR, 1.52; 95% CI, 0.47-4.94).⁶

Lastly, Wu et al⁷ compared the risk for MACE (ie, myocardial infarction, stroke, unstable angina, transient ischemic attack) between patients with psoriasis who received TNF inhibitors or methotrexate. The TNF inhibitor and methotrexate cohorts were observed for a median of 12 months and 9 months, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, they found a 45% reduction (HR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.45-0.67) in cardiovascular event risk in the TNF inhibitor cohort compared with the methotrexate cohort. Notably, analyses also showed comparatively fewer cardiovascular events in the TNF inhibitor cohort throughout all time points—6, 12, 18, 24, 60 months—in the observation period. Regression analysis revealed an 11% reduction in cardiovascular events (HR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.80-0.98) with each additional 6 months of cumulative TNF inhibitor exposure.

The current sum of evidence suggests cardioprotective effects of TNF inhibitor and methotrexate use. However, given the cumulative systemic toxicity and inferior cutaneous efficacy of methotrexate, TNF inhibitors will likely play a more significant role going forward. The role of methotrexate may be for its simultaneous use with biologic therapies to limit immunogenicity. Newer biologic agents such as IL-12/23 and IL-17 inhibitors have not yet been as extensively studied for their effects on cardiovascular risk as their TNF inhibitor counterparts. However, because of their shared ability to target specific immunological pathways, it is plausible that IL-12/23 and IL-17 agents may exhibit cardioprotective effects.⁸

Patients with psoriasis should be counseled and educated about the increased risk for CVD and its associated morbidity and mortality risk. Screening for modifiable risk factors and recommending therapeutic lifestyle changes also is appropriate. Future studies should help define the role of specific systemic drugs in reducing the risk for CVD in patients with psoriasis. Despite the expanding amount of evidence in the current literature implicating the use of TNF inhibitors for cardiovascular risk prevention, there is still a need for long-term, randomized, placebo-controlled trials to provide more authoritative evidence-based recommendations.