Papules on the Face and Body

The Diagnosis: Lichen Spinulosus

Lichen spinulosus, also referred to as keratosis spinulosa, is a disorder of keratinization characterized by grouped 1- to 3-mm papules with a horny spine localized to follicles (Figure).¹ These lesions most commonly occur in the first through third decades of life, presenting as 2- to 6-cm patches on the neck, buttocks, thighs, abdomen, or extensor surfaces.^1-4 Some patients report mild pruritus.¹ The cause is unknown.^1-3,5-7 Several proposed but unproven explanations include atopy,^2,4 genetic predisposition,^1,2 toxins,^3,5 infection,⁵ abnormal immune response,⁸ and vitamin deficiency.^1,6,7

Hyperkeratotic follicular “spines” localized to the right lower leg.

Our patient’s presentation is atypical due to her age and the involvement of her face. Generalized lichen spinulosus in adults likely is rare. A few similar cases have been reported: a 61-year-old woman with Crohn disease and lichen spinulosus affecting the groin, inframammary region, and back⁸; 2 case reports linked to alcoholism-associated nutritional deficiency^6,7; and generalized lichen spinulosus–like eruptions  in 2 patients with human immuno-deficiency virus infection.^9,10 Our patient’s medical history  indicated an extensive smoking history; thiamine deficiency 5 years prior treated with vitamin B complex supplements, which she still takes; and a recent diagnosis of vitamin D deficiency. She had no evidence of immunodeficiency or systemic illness on routine screening.

The disorders of follicular keratinization are lichen spinulosus, keratosis pilaris, keratosis pilaris atrophicans, pityriasis rubra pilaris, lichen planopilaris, erythromelanosis follicularis faciei, and phrynoderma.¹¹ The clinical differential diagnosis of lichen spinulosus includes keratosis pilaris, phrynoderma, pityriasis rubra pilaris, and frictional lichenoid eruption. Lichen spinulosus can be distinguished from keratosis pilaris by 4 factors^1,11: (1) keratosis pilaris lesions develop slowly over time as opposed to the rapid onset in lichen spinulosus; (2) keratosis pilaris is preferentially located on the upper arms and legs; (3) keratosis pilaris does not develop in small clusters; (4) keratosis pilaris, unlike lichen spinulosus, often has a thin outline of perifollicular erythema. Histopathologically, lichen spinulosus is similar to keratosis pilaris, showing dilated hair follicles with a keratin plug and perifollicular and perivascular dermal lymphocytic infiltrate.¹ A punch biopsy from our patient’s cheek demonstrated focal follicular hyperkeratosis with dermal perivascular inflammation. Periodic acid–Schiff with diastase stain was negative for pathogenic fungal organisms.

Treatment of lichen spinulosus is initiated to address cosmetic concerns. Traditionally, keratolytics and emollients are utilized. Success has been described with salicylic acid gel 6% without occlusion for 8 weeks¹² or with occlusion for 2 weeks.¹³ Tar preparations and mid-potency topical corticosteroids may be used on lesions not located on the face.^2,4,15 Topical vitamin A,² lactic acid,⁴ and ammonium lactate lotion² have been therapeutic in some cases. Facial lesions have been successfully treated with tacalcitol¹⁴ or tretinoin gel 0.04% in combination with hydroactive adhesive applications.¹⁵ In the case of lichen spinulosus accompanying alcoholism, oral vitamin supplementation has been sufficient for resolution.^6,7

Our patient was initially prescribed ammonium lactate lotion twice daily and tretinoin cream 0.025% for facial application nightly. She only used the tretinoin briefly due to skin irritation, and she discontinued use of ammonium lactate due to lotion texture. Three months of vitamin A and vitamin B complex supplementation did not lead to any improvement. She believed the papules softened by scrubbing them with a loofah in the shower and then moisturizing. Malignancy workup, including a colonoscopy, mammography, chest radiograph, and basic blood tests, were negative. No remarkable change was noted by the patient at 1-year follow-up.

The Diagnosis: Lichen Spinulosus

Lichen spinulosus, also referred to as keratosis spinulosa, is a disorder of keratinization characterized by grouped 1- to 3-mm papules with a horny spine localized to follicles (Figure).¹ These lesions most commonly occur in the first through third decades of life, presenting as 2- to 6-cm patches on the neck, buttocks, thighs, abdomen, or extensor surfaces.^1-4 Some patients report mild pruritus.¹ The cause is unknown.^1-3,5-7 Several proposed but unproven explanations include atopy,^2,4 genetic predisposition,^1,2 toxins,^3,5 infection,⁵ abnormal immune response,⁸ and vitamin deficiency.^1,6,7

Hyperkeratotic follicular “spines” localized to the right lower leg.

Our patient’s presentation is atypical due to her age and the involvement of her face. Generalized lichen spinulosus in adults likely is rare. A few similar cases have been reported: a 61-year-old woman with Crohn disease and lichen spinulosus affecting the groin, inframammary region, and back⁸; 2 case reports linked to alcoholism-associated nutritional deficiency^6,7; and generalized lichen spinulosus–like eruptions  in 2 patients with human immuno-deficiency virus infection.^9,10 Our patient’s medical history  indicated an extensive smoking history; thiamine deficiency 5 years prior treated with vitamin B complex supplements, which she still takes; and a recent diagnosis of vitamin D deficiency. She had no evidence of immunodeficiency or systemic illness on routine screening.

The disorders of follicular keratinization are lichen spinulosus, keratosis pilaris, keratosis pilaris atrophicans, pityriasis rubra pilaris, lichen planopilaris, erythromelanosis follicularis faciei, and phrynoderma.¹¹ The clinical differential diagnosis of lichen spinulosus includes keratosis pilaris, phrynoderma, pityriasis rubra pilaris, and frictional lichenoid eruption. Lichen spinulosus can be distinguished from keratosis pilaris by 4 factors^1,11: (1) keratosis pilaris lesions develop slowly over time as opposed to the rapid onset in lichen spinulosus; (2) keratosis pilaris is preferentially located on the upper arms and legs; (3) keratosis pilaris does not develop in small clusters; (4) keratosis pilaris, unlike lichen spinulosus, often has a thin outline of perifollicular erythema. Histopathologically, lichen spinulosus is similar to keratosis pilaris, showing dilated hair follicles with a keratin plug and perifollicular and perivascular dermal lymphocytic infiltrate.¹ A punch biopsy from our patient’s cheek demonstrated focal follicular hyperkeratosis with dermal perivascular inflammation. Periodic acid–Schiff with diastase stain was negative for pathogenic fungal organisms.

Treatment of lichen spinulosus is initiated to address cosmetic concerns. Traditionally, keratolytics and emollients are utilized. Success has been described with salicylic acid gel 6% without occlusion for 8 weeks¹² or with occlusion for 2 weeks.¹³ Tar preparations and mid-potency topical corticosteroids may be used on lesions not located on the face.^2,4,15 Topical vitamin A,² lactic acid,⁴ and ammonium lactate lotion² have been therapeutic in some cases. Facial lesions have been successfully treated with tacalcitol¹⁴ or tretinoin gel 0.04% in combination with hydroactive adhesive applications.¹⁵ In the case of lichen spinulosus accompanying alcoholism, oral vitamin supplementation has been sufficient for resolution.^6,7

Our patient was initially prescribed ammonium lactate lotion twice daily and tretinoin cream 0.025% for facial application nightly. She only used the tretinoin briefly due to skin irritation, and she discontinued use of ammonium lactate due to lotion texture. Three months of vitamin A and vitamin B complex supplementation did not lead to any improvement. She believed the papules softened by scrubbing them with a loofah in the shower and then moisturizing. Malignancy workup, including a colonoscopy, mammography, chest radiograph, and basic blood tests, were negative. No remarkable change was noted by the patient at 1-year follow-up.

The Diagnosis: Lichen Spinulosus

Lichen spinulosus, also referred to as keratosis spinulosa, is a disorder of keratinization characterized by grouped 1- to 3-mm papules with a horny spine localized to follicles (Figure).¹ These lesions most commonly occur in the first through third decades of life, presenting as 2- to 6-cm patches on the neck, buttocks, thighs, abdomen, or extensor surfaces.^1-4 Some patients report mild pruritus.¹ The cause is unknown.^1-3,5-7 Several proposed but unproven explanations include atopy,^2,4 genetic predisposition,^1,2 toxins,^3,5 infection,⁵ abnormal immune response,⁸ and vitamin deficiency.^1,6,7

Hyperkeratotic follicular “spines” localized to the right lower leg.

Our patient’s presentation is atypical due to her age and the involvement of her face. Generalized lichen spinulosus in adults likely is rare. A few similar cases have been reported: a 61-year-old woman with Crohn disease and lichen spinulosus affecting the groin, inframammary region, and back⁸; 2 case reports linked to alcoholism-associated nutritional deficiency^6,7; and generalized lichen spinulosus–like eruptions  in 2 patients with human immuno-deficiency virus infection.^9,10 Our patient’s medical history  indicated an extensive smoking history; thiamine deficiency 5 years prior treated with vitamin B complex supplements, which she still takes; and a recent diagnosis of vitamin D deficiency. She had no evidence of immunodeficiency or systemic illness on routine screening.

The disorders of follicular keratinization are lichen spinulosus, keratosis pilaris, keratosis pilaris atrophicans, pityriasis rubra pilaris, lichen planopilaris, erythromelanosis follicularis faciei, and phrynoderma.¹¹ The clinical differential diagnosis of lichen spinulosus includes keratosis pilaris, phrynoderma, pityriasis rubra pilaris, and frictional lichenoid eruption. Lichen spinulosus can be distinguished from keratosis pilaris by 4 factors^1,11: (1) keratosis pilaris lesions develop slowly over time as opposed to the rapid onset in lichen spinulosus; (2) keratosis pilaris is preferentially located on the upper arms and legs; (3) keratosis pilaris does not develop in small clusters; (4) keratosis pilaris, unlike lichen spinulosus, often has a thin outline of perifollicular erythema. Histopathologically, lichen spinulosus is similar to keratosis pilaris, showing dilated hair follicles with a keratin plug and perifollicular and perivascular dermal lymphocytic infiltrate.¹ A punch biopsy from our patient’s cheek demonstrated focal follicular hyperkeratosis with dermal perivascular inflammation. Periodic acid–Schiff with diastase stain was negative for pathogenic fungal organisms.

Treatment of lichen spinulosus is initiated to address cosmetic concerns. Traditionally, keratolytics and emollients are utilized. Success has been described with salicylic acid gel 6% without occlusion for 8 weeks¹² or with occlusion for 2 weeks.¹³ Tar preparations and mid-potency topical corticosteroids may be used on lesions not located on the face.^2,4,15 Topical vitamin A,² lactic acid,⁴ and ammonium lactate lotion² have been therapeutic in some cases. Facial lesions have been successfully treated with tacalcitol¹⁴ or tretinoin gel 0.04% in combination with hydroactive adhesive applications.¹⁵ In the case of lichen spinulosus accompanying alcoholism, oral vitamin supplementation has been sufficient for resolution.^6,7

Our patient was initially prescribed ammonium lactate lotion twice daily and tretinoin cream 0.025% for facial application nightly. She only used the tretinoin briefly due to skin irritation, and she discontinued use of ammonium lactate due to lotion texture. Three months of vitamin A and vitamin B complex supplementation did not lead to any improvement. She believed the papules softened by scrubbing them with a loofah in the shower and then moisturizing. Malignancy workup, including a colonoscopy, mammography, chest radiograph, and basic blood tests, were negative. No remarkable change was noted by the patient at 1-year follow-up.