Eliminating the anxiety of managing functional GI disorders

Kicking off the 2016 AGA Spring Postgraduate Course, this symposium encouraged attendees to embrace multidisciplinary approaches to managing patients with common gastrointestinal symptoms of nonstructural origin. My talk on “Managing the Big Four – Dyspepsia, Constipation, Diarrhea, and Abdominal Pain” reviewed the pathophysiology and management of these conditions. Thereafter, Sheila Crowe, MD, AGAF, Laurie Keefer, PhD, and Michael Camilleri, MD, AGAF, respectively, reviewed dietary approaches, psychological, and behavioral therapies, and overlooked, overused, and emerging pharmacotherapy for managing these conditions.

The clinical evaluation enables a precise symptom-based diagnosis of these conditions (e.g., dyspepsia, diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome [IBS], chronic constipation, defecatory disorders, and chronic abdominal pain). Dr. Keefer emphasized the importance of setting a pro-solution agenda early in the interview as well as listening, understanding, and believing symptoms. Empathy is essential. At the same time, patients need to assume personal responsibility and contribute to their own wellness. Expectations and a treatment plan should be negotiated. Bowel symptom questionnaires and, if necessary, bowel diaries ensure that symptoms are addressed comprehensively and save time. A meticulous digital rectal exam is essential since defecatory disorders are associated with not only lower but also upper GI symptoms. Only selected diagnostic tests, guided by the clinical features, should be performed.

Our understanding of the pathophysiology is evolving. Functional dyspepsia is implicated to impaired gastric accommodation, delayed gastric emptying, and increased gastric as well as duodenal sensitivity. Peripheral irritation (e.g., due to persistent low-grade inflammation after resolution of acute gastroenteritis or bile acids) and central dysfunctions (e.g., resulting from anxiety or depression) can alter GI transit and sensitivity resulting in IBS. Slow colon transit and impaired defecation (i.e., defecatory disorders) can cause chronic constipation.

Initially, therapy should utilize inexpensive, over-the-counter agents (loperamide for diarrhea). Dr. Camilleri also highlighted the utility of bile acid binding agents (e.g., cholestyramine and colesevelam) and when necessary, alosteron for diarrhea and cautioned attendees to use rifaximin as recommended by the Food and Drug Administration (i.e., up to three courses of 2 weeks) and not for long-term therapy. Several newer agents for these disorders are being developed. Dr. Crowe reminded the audience that foods often induce symptoms. In a recent study, a “common-sense” IBS diet was as effective as was a low-FODMAP diet for IBS. Eliminating gluten or wheat starch may benefit some patients with IBS without celiac disease but more evidence is required. Dr. Keefer highlighted the utility of diaphragmatic breathing for rumination, pelvic floor biofeedback therapy for defecatory disorders, and psychological therapies, especially cognitive behavioral therapy, for patients with a variety of GI symptoms.

Dr. Bharucha is with the division of gastroenterology and hepatology at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.

This is a summary provided by the moderator of one of the spring postgraduate course sessions held at DDW 2016.

Kicking off the 2016 AGA Spring Postgraduate Course, this symposium encouraged attendees to embrace multidisciplinary approaches to managing patients with common gastrointestinal symptoms of nonstructural origin. My talk on “Managing the Big Four – Dyspepsia, Constipation, Diarrhea, and Abdominal Pain” reviewed the pathophysiology and management of these conditions. Thereafter, Sheila Crowe, MD, AGAF, Laurie Keefer, PhD, and Michael Camilleri, MD, AGAF, respectively, reviewed dietary approaches, psychological, and behavioral therapies, and overlooked, overused, and emerging pharmacotherapy for managing these conditions.

The clinical evaluation enables a precise symptom-based diagnosis of these conditions (e.g., dyspepsia, diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome [IBS], chronic constipation, defecatory disorders, and chronic abdominal pain). Dr. Keefer emphasized the importance of setting a pro-solution agenda early in the interview as well as listening, understanding, and believing symptoms. Empathy is essential. At the same time, patients need to assume personal responsibility and contribute to their own wellness. Expectations and a treatment plan should be negotiated. Bowel symptom questionnaires and, if necessary, bowel diaries ensure that symptoms are addressed comprehensively and save time. A meticulous digital rectal exam is essential since defecatory disorders are associated with not only lower but also upper GI symptoms. Only selected diagnostic tests, guided by the clinical features, should be performed.

Our understanding of the pathophysiology is evolving. Functional dyspepsia is implicated to impaired gastric accommodation, delayed gastric emptying, and increased gastric as well as duodenal sensitivity. Peripheral irritation (e.g., due to persistent low-grade inflammation after resolution of acute gastroenteritis or bile acids) and central dysfunctions (e.g., resulting from anxiety or depression) can alter GI transit and sensitivity resulting in IBS. Slow colon transit and impaired defecation (i.e., defecatory disorders) can cause chronic constipation.

Initially, therapy should utilize inexpensive, over-the-counter agents (loperamide for diarrhea). Dr. Camilleri also highlighted the utility of bile acid binding agents (e.g., cholestyramine and colesevelam) and when necessary, alosteron for diarrhea and cautioned attendees to use rifaximin as recommended by the Food and Drug Administration (i.e., up to three courses of 2 weeks) and not for long-term therapy. Several newer agents for these disorders are being developed. Dr. Crowe reminded the audience that foods often induce symptoms. In a recent study, a “common-sense” IBS diet was as effective as was a low-FODMAP diet for IBS. Eliminating gluten or wheat starch may benefit some patients with IBS without celiac disease but more evidence is required. Dr. Keefer highlighted the utility of diaphragmatic breathing for rumination, pelvic floor biofeedback therapy for defecatory disorders, and psychological therapies, especially cognitive behavioral therapy, for patients with a variety of GI symptoms.

Dr. Bharucha is with the division of gastroenterology and hepatology at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.

This is a summary provided by the moderator of one of the spring postgraduate course sessions held at DDW 2016.

Kicking off the 2016 AGA Spring Postgraduate Course, this symposium encouraged attendees to embrace multidisciplinary approaches to managing patients with common gastrointestinal symptoms of nonstructural origin. My talk on “Managing the Big Four – Dyspepsia, Constipation, Diarrhea, and Abdominal Pain” reviewed the pathophysiology and management of these conditions. Thereafter, Sheila Crowe, MD, AGAF, Laurie Keefer, PhD, and Michael Camilleri, MD, AGAF, respectively, reviewed dietary approaches, psychological, and behavioral therapies, and overlooked, overused, and emerging pharmacotherapy for managing these conditions.

The clinical evaluation enables a precise symptom-based diagnosis of these conditions (e.g., dyspepsia, diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome [IBS], chronic constipation, defecatory disorders, and chronic abdominal pain). Dr. Keefer emphasized the importance of setting a pro-solution agenda early in the interview as well as listening, understanding, and believing symptoms. Empathy is essential. At the same time, patients need to assume personal responsibility and contribute to their own wellness. Expectations and a treatment plan should be negotiated. Bowel symptom questionnaires and, if necessary, bowel diaries ensure that symptoms are addressed comprehensively and save time. A meticulous digital rectal exam is essential since defecatory disorders are associated with not only lower but also upper GI symptoms. Only selected diagnostic tests, guided by the clinical features, should be performed.

Our understanding of the pathophysiology is evolving. Functional dyspepsia is implicated to impaired gastric accommodation, delayed gastric emptying, and increased gastric as well as duodenal sensitivity. Peripheral irritation (e.g., due to persistent low-grade inflammation after resolution of acute gastroenteritis or bile acids) and central dysfunctions (e.g., resulting from anxiety or depression) can alter GI transit and sensitivity resulting in IBS. Slow colon transit and impaired defecation (i.e., defecatory disorders) can cause chronic constipation.

Initially, therapy should utilize inexpensive, over-the-counter agents (loperamide for diarrhea). Dr. Camilleri also highlighted the utility of bile acid binding agents (e.g., cholestyramine and colesevelam) and when necessary, alosteron for diarrhea and cautioned attendees to use rifaximin as recommended by the Food and Drug Administration (i.e., up to three courses of 2 weeks) and not for long-term therapy. Several newer agents for these disorders are being developed. Dr. Crowe reminded the audience that foods often induce symptoms. In a recent study, a “common-sense” IBS diet was as effective as was a low-FODMAP diet for IBS. Eliminating gluten or wheat starch may benefit some patients with IBS without celiac disease but more evidence is required. Dr. Keefer highlighted the utility of diaphragmatic breathing for rumination, pelvic floor biofeedback therapy for defecatory disorders, and psychological therapies, especially cognitive behavioral therapy, for patients with a variety of GI symptoms.

Dr. Bharucha is with the division of gastroenterology and hepatology at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.

This is a summary provided by the moderator of one of the spring postgraduate course sessions held at DDW 2016.