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Which oral antifungal works best for toenail onychomycosis?
TERBINAFINE, 250 mg daily for 12 to 16 weeks, produces higher clinical cure rates than either pulsed-dose itraconazole or weekly fluconazole (strength of recommendation [SOR]: A, multiple randomized controlled trials [RCTs]).
Daily oral dosing is more effective than pulsed-dose terbinafine (SOR: A, multiple RCTs).
No long-term or large studies have evaluated terbinafine’s safety. However, patients who have diabetes or are older than 65 years who take terbinafine along with antihypertensives, lipid-lowering agents, or “diabetic medications,” don’t manifest abnormal serum liver enzymes, creatinine, or glucose levels in the short term (SOR: C, 2 small cohort studies with disease-oriented outcomes).
Evidence summary
Multiple head-to-head RCTs of oral treatments for toenail onychomycosis demonstrate that terbinafine 250 mg per day for at least 12 weeks is superior to pulse itraconazole, weekly fluconazole, or pulse terbinafine (TABLE).1-5 In these studies the number needed to treat (NNT) favoring daily terbinafine ranged from 2 to 12.
Recurrence is less common in patients who take terbinafine daily. In a prospective cohort study of 73 patients (21-81 years of age) followed for 5 years after clinical and mycological cure, onychomycosis recurred in 7 of 59 (12%) patients treated with daily terbinafine and 5 of 14 (36%) treated with pulse itraconazole (P=.046; NNT=4.2).6
TABLE
Oral treatments for onychomycosis: RCTs reveal how they compare
| Total subjects | Mean age, y (range); sex | Follow-up (wk) | Drug | Duration (wk) | Dose (mg) | Frequency | Clinical cure* % | NNT (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1511 | 48 (18-75); 66% male | Median 234 (range 35-251) | Terbinafine | 12-16 | 250 | Daily | 42 | 4 (3-11)† | |
| Itraconazole | 12-16 | 400 | Pulsed: 7 of 28 days | 18 | — | ||||
| 4962 | 46 (NA); 58% male | 72 | Terbinafine | 12 | 250 | Daily | 54 | 4 (3-11)† | |
| Terbinafine | 16 | 250 | Daily | 60 | 3 (2-7)† | ||||
| Itraconazole | 12 or 16 | 400 | Pulsed: 7 of 28 days | 32 | — | ||||
| 1373 | 50 (18-75); 48% male | 60 | Terbinafine | 12 | 250 | Daily | 67 | 2 (2-4)‡ | |
| Fluconazole | 24 | 150 | Weekly | 32 | 9 (NS)‡ | ||||
| Fluconazole | 12 | 150 | Weekly | 21 | — | ||||
| 3064 | 64.5 (NA); 96% male | 78 | Terbinafine | 12 | 250 | Daily | 45 | 6 (4-18)§ | |
| Terbinafine | 12 | 350 | Pulsed: 14 of 30 days | 29 | — | ||||
| 20055 || | 50.8 (18-90); 67% male | 48 | Trial 1 | Terbinafine | 12 | 250 | Daily | 40 | 10 (6-38)§ |
| Terbinafine | 12 | 350 | Pulsed: 14 of 30 days | 30 | — | ||||
| Trial 2 | Terbinafine | 12 | 250 | Daily | 40 | 12 (7-85) § | |||
| Terbinafine | 12 | 350 | Pulsed: 14 of 30 days | 32 | — | ||||
| CI, confidence interval; NA, not available; NNT, number needed to treat to effect one cure when compared with alternate therapy (see below); NS, not statistically significant; RCT, randomized controlled trial. *Defined as 100% normal-appearing toenails. †NNT when compared with itraconazole 400 mg pulsed dosing 7 of 28 days. ‡NNT when compared with fluconazole 150 mg weekly for 12 weeks. §NNT when compared with terbinafine 350 mg pulsed dosing 14 of 30 days. ||Two studies in reference 5 were run as identical parallel group RCTs; 979 patients completed trial 1, and 1026 patients completed trial 2 (90% completion rate). | |||||||||
No interactions in patients with diabetes, the elderly
A prospective open study of 89 diabetic patients with longstanding toenail onychomycosis, treated with terbinafine 250 mg/d for 12 weeks (mean age 56 years, 42% with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus), showed a clinical cure rate of 57% at 48 weeks. No hypoglycemic episodes were reported during the treatment phase, and no changes in liver enzymes or creatinine levels occurred.7
An open-label trial of 75 patients older than 65 years compared terbinafine alone (34 patients) with terbinafine and nail debridement (41 patients). Subjects took 250 mg terbinafine per day for 12 weeks; 73 (97.3%) took concomitant medications, including antihypertensives (64%), diabetic medications (25%), and lipid-lowering agents (47%).8 No clinically significant drug interactions or elevations in liver function tests occurred. Three patients (4%) withdrew from the study because of drug-related adverse effects (nausea, headache, or flank pain).
Recommendations
No major American medical organization has published guidelines addressing treatment of onychomycosis. The British Association of Dermatologists’ guidelines (2003) recommend terbinafine as first-line treatment for fungal toenail infections, with itraconazole as the next best alternative.9
1. Sigurgeirsson B, Olafsson JH, Steinsson JP, et al. Long-term effectiveness of treatment with terbinafine vs. itraconazole in onychomycosis: a 5-year blinded prospective follow-up study. Arch Dermatol. 2002;138:353-357.
2. Evans EGV, Sigurgeirsson B. Double-blind randomized study of continuous terbinafine compared with intermittent itraconazole in treatment of toenail onychomycosis. BMJ. 1999;318:1031-1035.
3. Havu V, Heikkila H, Kuokkanen K, et al. A double-blind, randomized study to compare the efficacy and safety of terbinafine with fluconazole in the treatment of onychomycosis. Br J Dermatol. 2000;142:97-102.
4. Warshaw EM, Fett DD, Bloomfield HE, et al. Pulse versus continuous terbinafine for onychomycosis: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;53:578-584.
5. Sigurgeirsson B, Elewski BE, Rich PA, et al. Intermittent versus continuous terbinafine in the treatment of toenail onychomycosis: a randomized, double-blind comparison. J Dermatolog Treat. 2006;17:38-44.
6. Piraccini BM, Sisti A, Tosti A. Long-term follow-up of toenail onychomycosis caused by dermatophytes after successful treatment with systemic antifungal agents. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62:411-414.
7. Farkas B, Dobozy A, Hunyadi J, et al. Terbinafine treatment of toenail onychomycosis in patients with insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a multicentre trial. Br J Dermatol. 2002;146:254-260.
8. Tavakkol A, Fellman S, Kianifard F. Safety and efficacy of oral terbinafine in the treatment of onychomycosis: analysis of the elderly subgroup in improving results in onychomycosis- concomitant Lamisil and debridement (IRON-CLAD) an open-label, randomized trial. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2006;4:1-13.
9. Roberts DT, Taylor WD, Boyle J. Guidelines for treatment of onychomycosis. Br J Dermatol. 2003;148:402-410.
TERBINAFINE, 250 mg daily for 12 to 16 weeks, produces higher clinical cure rates than either pulsed-dose itraconazole or weekly fluconazole (strength of recommendation [SOR]: A, multiple randomized controlled trials [RCTs]).
Daily oral dosing is more effective than pulsed-dose terbinafine (SOR: A, multiple RCTs).
No long-term or large studies have evaluated terbinafine’s safety. However, patients who have diabetes or are older than 65 years who take terbinafine along with antihypertensives, lipid-lowering agents, or “diabetic medications,” don’t manifest abnormal serum liver enzymes, creatinine, or glucose levels in the short term (SOR: C, 2 small cohort studies with disease-oriented outcomes).
Evidence summary
Multiple head-to-head RCTs of oral treatments for toenail onychomycosis demonstrate that terbinafine 250 mg per day for at least 12 weeks is superior to pulse itraconazole, weekly fluconazole, or pulse terbinafine (TABLE).1-5 In these studies the number needed to treat (NNT) favoring daily terbinafine ranged from 2 to 12.
Recurrence is less common in patients who take terbinafine daily. In a prospective cohort study of 73 patients (21-81 years of age) followed for 5 years after clinical and mycological cure, onychomycosis recurred in 7 of 59 (12%) patients treated with daily terbinafine and 5 of 14 (36%) treated with pulse itraconazole (P=.046; NNT=4.2).6
TABLE
Oral treatments for onychomycosis: RCTs reveal how they compare
| Total subjects | Mean age, y (range); sex | Follow-up (wk) | Drug | Duration (wk) | Dose (mg) | Frequency | Clinical cure* % | NNT (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1511 | 48 (18-75); 66% male | Median 234 (range 35-251) | Terbinafine | 12-16 | 250 | Daily | 42 | 4 (3-11)† | |
| Itraconazole | 12-16 | 400 | Pulsed: 7 of 28 days | 18 | — | ||||
| 4962 | 46 (NA); 58% male | 72 | Terbinafine | 12 | 250 | Daily | 54 | 4 (3-11)† | |
| Terbinafine | 16 | 250 | Daily | 60 | 3 (2-7)† | ||||
| Itraconazole | 12 or 16 | 400 | Pulsed: 7 of 28 days | 32 | — | ||||
| 1373 | 50 (18-75); 48% male | 60 | Terbinafine | 12 | 250 | Daily | 67 | 2 (2-4)‡ | |
| Fluconazole | 24 | 150 | Weekly | 32 | 9 (NS)‡ | ||||
| Fluconazole | 12 | 150 | Weekly | 21 | — | ||||
| 3064 | 64.5 (NA); 96% male | 78 | Terbinafine | 12 | 250 | Daily | 45 | 6 (4-18)§ | |
| Terbinafine | 12 | 350 | Pulsed: 14 of 30 days | 29 | — | ||||
| 20055 || | 50.8 (18-90); 67% male | 48 | Trial 1 | Terbinafine | 12 | 250 | Daily | 40 | 10 (6-38)§ |
| Terbinafine | 12 | 350 | Pulsed: 14 of 30 days | 30 | — | ||||
| Trial 2 | Terbinafine | 12 | 250 | Daily | 40 | 12 (7-85) § | |||
| Terbinafine | 12 | 350 | Pulsed: 14 of 30 days | 32 | — | ||||
| CI, confidence interval; NA, not available; NNT, number needed to treat to effect one cure when compared with alternate therapy (see below); NS, not statistically significant; RCT, randomized controlled trial. *Defined as 100% normal-appearing toenails. †NNT when compared with itraconazole 400 mg pulsed dosing 7 of 28 days. ‡NNT when compared with fluconazole 150 mg weekly for 12 weeks. §NNT when compared with terbinafine 350 mg pulsed dosing 14 of 30 days. ||Two studies in reference 5 were run as identical parallel group RCTs; 979 patients completed trial 1, and 1026 patients completed trial 2 (90% completion rate). | |||||||||
No interactions in patients with diabetes, the elderly
A prospective open study of 89 diabetic patients with longstanding toenail onychomycosis, treated with terbinafine 250 mg/d for 12 weeks (mean age 56 years, 42% with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus), showed a clinical cure rate of 57% at 48 weeks. No hypoglycemic episodes were reported during the treatment phase, and no changes in liver enzymes or creatinine levels occurred.7
An open-label trial of 75 patients older than 65 years compared terbinafine alone (34 patients) with terbinafine and nail debridement (41 patients). Subjects took 250 mg terbinafine per day for 12 weeks; 73 (97.3%) took concomitant medications, including antihypertensives (64%), diabetic medications (25%), and lipid-lowering agents (47%).8 No clinically significant drug interactions or elevations in liver function tests occurred. Three patients (4%) withdrew from the study because of drug-related adverse effects (nausea, headache, or flank pain).
Recommendations
No major American medical organization has published guidelines addressing treatment of onychomycosis. The British Association of Dermatologists’ guidelines (2003) recommend terbinafine as first-line treatment for fungal toenail infections, with itraconazole as the next best alternative.9
TERBINAFINE, 250 mg daily for 12 to 16 weeks, produces higher clinical cure rates than either pulsed-dose itraconazole or weekly fluconazole (strength of recommendation [SOR]: A, multiple randomized controlled trials [RCTs]).
Daily oral dosing is more effective than pulsed-dose terbinafine (SOR: A, multiple RCTs).
No long-term or large studies have evaluated terbinafine’s safety. However, patients who have diabetes or are older than 65 years who take terbinafine along with antihypertensives, lipid-lowering agents, or “diabetic medications,” don’t manifest abnormal serum liver enzymes, creatinine, or glucose levels in the short term (SOR: C, 2 small cohort studies with disease-oriented outcomes).
Evidence summary
Multiple head-to-head RCTs of oral treatments for toenail onychomycosis demonstrate that terbinafine 250 mg per day for at least 12 weeks is superior to pulse itraconazole, weekly fluconazole, or pulse terbinafine (TABLE).1-5 In these studies the number needed to treat (NNT) favoring daily terbinafine ranged from 2 to 12.
Recurrence is less common in patients who take terbinafine daily. In a prospective cohort study of 73 patients (21-81 years of age) followed for 5 years after clinical and mycological cure, onychomycosis recurred in 7 of 59 (12%) patients treated with daily terbinafine and 5 of 14 (36%) treated with pulse itraconazole (P=.046; NNT=4.2).6
TABLE
Oral treatments for onychomycosis: RCTs reveal how they compare
| Total subjects | Mean age, y (range); sex | Follow-up (wk) | Drug | Duration (wk) | Dose (mg) | Frequency | Clinical cure* % | NNT (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1511 | 48 (18-75); 66% male | Median 234 (range 35-251) | Terbinafine | 12-16 | 250 | Daily | 42 | 4 (3-11)† | |
| Itraconazole | 12-16 | 400 | Pulsed: 7 of 28 days | 18 | — | ||||
| 4962 | 46 (NA); 58% male | 72 | Terbinafine | 12 | 250 | Daily | 54 | 4 (3-11)† | |
| Terbinafine | 16 | 250 | Daily | 60 | 3 (2-7)† | ||||
| Itraconazole | 12 or 16 | 400 | Pulsed: 7 of 28 days | 32 | — | ||||
| 1373 | 50 (18-75); 48% male | 60 | Terbinafine | 12 | 250 | Daily | 67 | 2 (2-4)‡ | |
| Fluconazole | 24 | 150 | Weekly | 32 | 9 (NS)‡ | ||||
| Fluconazole | 12 | 150 | Weekly | 21 | — | ||||
| 3064 | 64.5 (NA); 96% male | 78 | Terbinafine | 12 | 250 | Daily | 45 | 6 (4-18)§ | |
| Terbinafine | 12 | 350 | Pulsed: 14 of 30 days | 29 | — | ||||
| 20055 || | 50.8 (18-90); 67% male | 48 | Trial 1 | Terbinafine | 12 | 250 | Daily | 40 | 10 (6-38)§ |
| Terbinafine | 12 | 350 | Pulsed: 14 of 30 days | 30 | — | ||||
| Trial 2 | Terbinafine | 12 | 250 | Daily | 40 | 12 (7-85) § | |||
| Terbinafine | 12 | 350 | Pulsed: 14 of 30 days | 32 | — | ||||
| CI, confidence interval; NA, not available; NNT, number needed to treat to effect one cure when compared with alternate therapy (see below); NS, not statistically significant; RCT, randomized controlled trial. *Defined as 100% normal-appearing toenails. †NNT when compared with itraconazole 400 mg pulsed dosing 7 of 28 days. ‡NNT when compared with fluconazole 150 mg weekly for 12 weeks. §NNT when compared with terbinafine 350 mg pulsed dosing 14 of 30 days. ||Two studies in reference 5 were run as identical parallel group RCTs; 979 patients completed trial 1, and 1026 patients completed trial 2 (90% completion rate). | |||||||||
No interactions in patients with diabetes, the elderly
A prospective open study of 89 diabetic patients with longstanding toenail onychomycosis, treated with terbinafine 250 mg/d for 12 weeks (mean age 56 years, 42% with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus), showed a clinical cure rate of 57% at 48 weeks. No hypoglycemic episodes were reported during the treatment phase, and no changes in liver enzymes or creatinine levels occurred.7
An open-label trial of 75 patients older than 65 years compared terbinafine alone (34 patients) with terbinafine and nail debridement (41 patients). Subjects took 250 mg terbinafine per day for 12 weeks; 73 (97.3%) took concomitant medications, including antihypertensives (64%), diabetic medications (25%), and lipid-lowering agents (47%).8 No clinically significant drug interactions or elevations in liver function tests occurred. Three patients (4%) withdrew from the study because of drug-related adverse effects (nausea, headache, or flank pain).
Recommendations
No major American medical organization has published guidelines addressing treatment of onychomycosis. The British Association of Dermatologists’ guidelines (2003) recommend terbinafine as first-line treatment for fungal toenail infections, with itraconazole as the next best alternative.9
1. Sigurgeirsson B, Olafsson JH, Steinsson JP, et al. Long-term effectiveness of treatment with terbinafine vs. itraconazole in onychomycosis: a 5-year blinded prospective follow-up study. Arch Dermatol. 2002;138:353-357.
2. Evans EGV, Sigurgeirsson B. Double-blind randomized study of continuous terbinafine compared with intermittent itraconazole in treatment of toenail onychomycosis. BMJ. 1999;318:1031-1035.
3. Havu V, Heikkila H, Kuokkanen K, et al. A double-blind, randomized study to compare the efficacy and safety of terbinafine with fluconazole in the treatment of onychomycosis. Br J Dermatol. 2000;142:97-102.
4. Warshaw EM, Fett DD, Bloomfield HE, et al. Pulse versus continuous terbinafine for onychomycosis: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;53:578-584.
5. Sigurgeirsson B, Elewski BE, Rich PA, et al. Intermittent versus continuous terbinafine in the treatment of toenail onychomycosis: a randomized, double-blind comparison. J Dermatolog Treat. 2006;17:38-44.
6. Piraccini BM, Sisti A, Tosti A. Long-term follow-up of toenail onychomycosis caused by dermatophytes after successful treatment with systemic antifungal agents. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62:411-414.
7. Farkas B, Dobozy A, Hunyadi J, et al. Terbinafine treatment of toenail onychomycosis in patients with insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a multicentre trial. Br J Dermatol. 2002;146:254-260.
8. Tavakkol A, Fellman S, Kianifard F. Safety and efficacy of oral terbinafine in the treatment of onychomycosis: analysis of the elderly subgroup in improving results in onychomycosis- concomitant Lamisil and debridement (IRON-CLAD) an open-label, randomized trial. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2006;4:1-13.
9. Roberts DT, Taylor WD, Boyle J. Guidelines for treatment of onychomycosis. Br J Dermatol. 2003;148:402-410.
1. Sigurgeirsson B, Olafsson JH, Steinsson JP, et al. Long-term effectiveness of treatment with terbinafine vs. itraconazole in onychomycosis: a 5-year blinded prospective follow-up study. Arch Dermatol. 2002;138:353-357.
2. Evans EGV, Sigurgeirsson B. Double-blind randomized study of continuous terbinafine compared with intermittent itraconazole in treatment of toenail onychomycosis. BMJ. 1999;318:1031-1035.
3. Havu V, Heikkila H, Kuokkanen K, et al. A double-blind, randomized study to compare the efficacy and safety of terbinafine with fluconazole in the treatment of onychomycosis. Br J Dermatol. 2000;142:97-102.
4. Warshaw EM, Fett DD, Bloomfield HE, et al. Pulse versus continuous terbinafine for onychomycosis: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;53:578-584.
5. Sigurgeirsson B, Elewski BE, Rich PA, et al. Intermittent versus continuous terbinafine in the treatment of toenail onychomycosis: a randomized, double-blind comparison. J Dermatolog Treat. 2006;17:38-44.
6. Piraccini BM, Sisti A, Tosti A. Long-term follow-up of toenail onychomycosis caused by dermatophytes after successful treatment with systemic antifungal agents. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62:411-414.
7. Farkas B, Dobozy A, Hunyadi J, et al. Terbinafine treatment of toenail onychomycosis in patients with insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a multicentre trial. Br J Dermatol. 2002;146:254-260.
8. Tavakkol A, Fellman S, Kianifard F. Safety and efficacy of oral terbinafine in the treatment of onychomycosis: analysis of the elderly subgroup in improving results in onychomycosis- concomitant Lamisil and debridement (IRON-CLAD) an open-label, randomized trial. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2006;4:1-13.
9. Roberts DT, Taylor WD, Boyle J. Guidelines for treatment of onychomycosis. Br J Dermatol. 2003;148:402-410.
Evidence-based answers from the Family Physicians Inquiries Network