Treat depressed teens with medication and psychotherapy

ILLUSTRATIVE CASE

Jason, a depressed 17-year-old, is brought in by his mother, who’s worried about his mood and lack of motivation. He reports that his mood has “sunk” over the last 2 months. His mother interjects that she suffers from depression herself and that she’s divorced and unable to compensate for the absence of Jason’s father. She also says that her 2 older sons, both of whom Jason is close to, recently moved out of state. Further questioning reveals that Jason has lost interest in school, sports, friends, and his part-time job; he’s pessimistic about the future and feels helpless and stuck. Jason avoids going out and spends hours on the Internet.

You consider prescribing a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), but you’re concerned about the potential suicide risk—a risk that’s already elevated for teens with major depressive disorder (MDD). Would a referral to a therapist be a safer choice? Is psychotherapy alone sufficient? What type of therapy is best? Only about one third of depressed teens achieve complete remission with medication alone.

Depressive disorders are common among adolescents and young adults, affecting nearly 1 in 4 by age 24.⁴ Most seek help from primary care physicians, who typically prescribe SSRIs.⁵ Yet only about one third of depressed teens achieve complete remission with medication alone.¹ For the two thirds who continue to have depressive symptoms, the consequences can be severe. Depressive illness is associated with family conflict, smoking and substance abuse, impaired functioning in school and in relationships, and increased risk of suicide—the third leading cause of death in adolescents.⁶

Drugs, psychotherapy, or both?

While CBT alone was not significantly better than placebo, it had a protective effect on suicidal events.The Guidelines for Adolescent Depression in Primary Care (GLAD-PC), published in November 2007, encourage primary care physicians to take a more active role in detecting and managing adolescent depression.⁷ GLAD-PC and the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry recommend that teens with depressive illness receive psychotherapy, either as primary treatment or in conjunction with antidepressants.^7,8 Until recently, however, that recommendation lacked definitive evidence to support it.

STUDY SUMMARIES

2 studies explore combination approach

TADS (Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study)^2,3 and TORDIA (Treatment of Resistant Depression in Adolescents)¹ are the only 2 randomized trials to address the role of CBT in combination with antidepressants in treating this patient population. Both show a significant benefit when CBT is added to drug therapy.

TADS: Highest improvement rates with fluoxetine and CBT

The TADS team studied 439 adolescents (ages 12 to 17 years) diagnosed with MDD. Patients were evaluated at consent, baseline, and weeks 6, 12, 18, 30, and 36. Those who were already taking antidepressants were excluded, but concurrent therapy for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder was permitted.

Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of the following 12-week treatment options:
•Fluoxetine (10-40 mg/d)
•CBT
•Fluoxetine (10-40 mg/d) + CBT
•Placebo

CBT consisted of 15 sessions over 12 weeks, each lasting 50 to 60 minutes. In addition to individual sessions, 2 parental sessions and 1 to 3 family sessions were included. Primary outcome measures were the Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement Scale (CGI-I), which is based on a clinician’s overall assessment of the patient’s improvement; and the Children’s Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R), which is derived from parent and adolescent interviews.

At 12 weeks, patients receiving fluoxetine and CBT demonstrated the highest rates of improvement: Seventy-one percent (95% confidence interval [CI], 62%-80%) were “much” or “very much” improved, vs 60.6% (95% CI, 51%-70%) of those on fluoxetine alone. In comparison, 43.2% (95% CI, 34%-52%) of patients receiving CBT alone were much or very much improved at the 12-week mark, and only 34.8% (95% CI, 26%-44%) of those on placebo.

At 18 weeks, the medication/CBT combination remained superior to either psychotherapy or fluoxetine alone. By week 30, all 3 intervention groups converged, and at 36 weeks there was virtually no difference in outcomes (FIGURE).

CBT alone has protective effect. While CBT alone was not significantly better than placebo overall, it demonstrated a protective effect with regard to suicidal events (thoughts, threats, or attempts) compared to fluoxetine. Conversely, fluoxetine accelerated the rate of improvement in mood during the first 30 weeks of treatment.

TORDIA: How to help patients after failed treatment

Brent and colleagues studied 334 patients between the ages of 12 and 18 years who were diagnosed with MDD but did not respond to initial SSRI therapy. After a 4-week trial, they were reevaluated and tapered off the medication, then randomly assigned to 1 of the following treatment groups for 12 weeks:
•Switched to a new SSRI
•Switched to venlafaxine (a selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor)
•Switched to a new SSRI + CBT
•Switched to venlafaxine + CBT

All patients were reevaluated at week 12. Here, too, the CGI-I and CDRS-R were used for key outcome measures.

Adding CBT to a medication regimen was associated with an increased response rate; choice of antidepressant was not. The groups receiving CBT were significantly more likely to show improvement compared to those who were not undergoing CBT (54.8% [95% CI, 47%-62%] vs 40.5% [95% CI, 33%-48%], number needed to treat [NNT]=7).

WHAT'S NEW?

An alternative that speeds recovery

These 2 studies confirm the value of CBT in treating moderate to severe major depression in combination with antidepressant therapy. TADS provides evidence of both a faster recovery trajectory and lower likelihood of suicidal events with combined treatment. While TORDIA does not demonstrate a quicker recovery in terms of depressed mood or a lower rate of suicidal events, it suggests that for adolescents who do not respond to antidepressants, a referral to CBT will be more effective than a switch to a different drug.

CAVEATS

Approach was not tested with mild depression Telling teens that "brain changes" cause depression may alleviate the stigma and self-blame.

Most adolescents who report depressive symptoms to primary care physicians either do not meet the full criteria for major depression or fall into the mild major depression range.^9-11 Both of these studies enrolled only those with moderate to severe MDD.

There is evidence, however, that such an approach may not be necessary for teens with milder depression. Many earlier studies of psychotherapy alone vs control (wait list or observation) for patients with sub-threshold depressive disorders or mild major depression demonstrated that psychotherapy is effective in treating these less severe depressive states.^7,12 GLAD-PC recommends a 4- to 8-week trial of active monitoring for patients with mild MDD before initiating psychotherapy or medication.²

CHALLENGES TO IMPLEMENTATION

Patient perceptions, stigma

There are 3 major barriers to implementation: patient/parent resistance to psychotherapy, limited access to mental health specialists (lack of supply and insurance coverage limitations), and few quality standards for evidence-based psychotherapeutic approaches in community practice settings.^13-15 Many adolescents have a negative view of therapy and feel stigmatized by a referral to a psychotherapist. They may also have a well-developed rationale as to why such treatment would not work for them.¹⁶

Physicians can help teens overcome these negative perceptions by giving them an opportunity to discuss their concerns—and by clarifying any misconceptions.¹⁷ The idea that “brain changes” cause depression has become popular in recent years,¹⁸ and may provide some relief to those who are troubled by the notion that they are somehow to blame for their depression.¹⁹ Presenting both antidepressant medication and psychotherapy as interventions that “change the way the brain manages mood” may be helpful in alleviating self-blame.

Consider nontraditional approaches

In areas with limited access to mental health specialists, nontraditional approaches may be needed. One such approach is to help patients arrange an initial interview with a psychotherapist, followed by telephone counseling sessions. For patients 18 years or older, MoodGym (http://moodgym.anu.edu.au/welcome) is also an option. This free Internet site incorporates features of standardized CBT and interpersonal therapy, and has demonstrated efficacy in RCTs of adults.²⁰ For those between the Want to learn more about CBT? Check out the web table at the bottom of this article. ages of 14 and 21, CATCH-IT (http://catchit-public.bsd.uchicago.edu)²¹ is another Internet option. The site, which can be accessed by physicians and the general public, focuses on building competencies to reduce current and future depressive symptoms.

In addition, recommend self-help books. While there have been no studies of their value to adolescents, the book with the greatest evidence of efficacy in adults is “Feeling Good: The New Mood Therapy,” by David D. Burns.²²

For your part... Before making referrals to mental health specialists, ask therapists whether they incorporate, and have been trained in, cognitive behavioral therapy. In addition, you can remain involved by asking the psychotherapist for a written treatment plan and by encouraging adolescents (and their families) to fully adhere to it.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Purls Surveillance System is supported in part by Grant Number ul1rr024999 from the National Center For research resources, a Clinical Translational Science Award to the University of Chicago. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Center For research resources or the National Institutes of Health.
Benjamin Van Voorhees is supported by a career development award from the National Institutes of Mental Health (NImHK-08mH072918-01A2).

ILLUSTRATIVE CASE

Jason, a depressed 17-year-old, is brought in by his mother, who’s worried about his mood and lack of motivation. He reports that his mood has “sunk” over the last 2 months. His mother interjects that she suffers from depression herself and that she’s divorced and unable to compensate for the absence of Jason’s father. She also says that her 2 older sons, both of whom Jason is close to, recently moved out of state. Further questioning reveals that Jason has lost interest in school, sports, friends, and his part-time job; he’s pessimistic about the future and feels helpless and stuck. Jason avoids going out and spends hours on the Internet.

You consider prescribing a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), but you’re concerned about the potential suicide risk—a risk that’s already elevated for teens with major depressive disorder (MDD). Would a referral to a therapist be a safer choice? Is psychotherapy alone sufficient? What type of therapy is best? Only about one third of depressed teens achieve complete remission with medication alone.

Depressive disorders are common among adolescents and young adults, affecting nearly 1 in 4 by age 24.⁴ Most seek help from primary care physicians, who typically prescribe SSRIs.⁵ Yet only about one third of depressed teens achieve complete remission with medication alone.¹ For the two thirds who continue to have depressive symptoms, the consequences can be severe. Depressive illness is associated with family conflict, smoking and substance abuse, impaired functioning in school and in relationships, and increased risk of suicide—the third leading cause of death in adolescents.⁶

Drugs, psychotherapy, or both?

While CBT alone was not significantly better than placebo, it had a protective effect on suicidal events.The Guidelines for Adolescent Depression in Primary Care (GLAD-PC), published in November 2007, encourage primary care physicians to take a more active role in detecting and managing adolescent depression.⁷ GLAD-PC and the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry recommend that teens with depressive illness receive psychotherapy, either as primary treatment or in conjunction with antidepressants.^7,8 Until recently, however, that recommendation lacked definitive evidence to support it.

STUDY SUMMARIES

2 studies explore combination approach

TADS (Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study)^2,3 and TORDIA (Treatment of Resistant Depression in Adolescents)¹ are the only 2 randomized trials to address the role of CBT in combination with antidepressants in treating this patient population. Both show a significant benefit when CBT is added to drug therapy.

TADS: Highest improvement rates with fluoxetine and CBT

The TADS team studied 439 adolescents (ages 12 to 17 years) diagnosed with MDD. Patients were evaluated at consent, baseline, and weeks 6, 12, 18, 30, and 36. Those who were already taking antidepressants were excluded, but concurrent therapy for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder was permitted.

Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of the following 12-week treatment options:
•Fluoxetine (10-40 mg/d)
•CBT
•Fluoxetine (10-40 mg/d) + CBT
•Placebo

CBT consisted of 15 sessions over 12 weeks, each lasting 50 to 60 minutes. In addition to individual sessions, 2 parental sessions and 1 to 3 family sessions were included. Primary outcome measures were the Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement Scale (CGI-I), which is based on a clinician’s overall assessment of the patient’s improvement; and the Children’s Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R), which is derived from parent and adolescent interviews.

At 12 weeks, patients receiving fluoxetine and CBT demonstrated the highest rates of improvement: Seventy-one percent (95% confidence interval [CI], 62%-80%) were “much” or “very much” improved, vs 60.6% (95% CI, 51%-70%) of those on fluoxetine alone. In comparison, 43.2% (95% CI, 34%-52%) of patients receiving CBT alone were much or very much improved at the 12-week mark, and only 34.8% (95% CI, 26%-44%) of those on placebo.

At 18 weeks, the medication/CBT combination remained superior to either psychotherapy or fluoxetine alone. By week 30, all 3 intervention groups converged, and at 36 weeks there was virtually no difference in outcomes (FIGURE).

CBT alone has protective effect. While CBT alone was not significantly better than placebo overall, it demonstrated a protective effect with regard to suicidal events (thoughts, threats, or attempts) compared to fluoxetine. Conversely, fluoxetine accelerated the rate of improvement in mood during the first 30 weeks of treatment.

TORDIA: How to help patients after failed treatment

Brent and colleagues studied 334 patients between the ages of 12 and 18 years who were diagnosed with MDD but did not respond to initial SSRI therapy. After a 4-week trial, they were reevaluated and tapered off the medication, then randomly assigned to 1 of the following treatment groups for 12 weeks:
•Switched to a new SSRI
•Switched to venlafaxine (a selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor)
•Switched to a new SSRI + CBT
•Switched to venlafaxine + CBT

All patients were reevaluated at week 12. Here, too, the CGI-I and CDRS-R were used for key outcome measures.

Adding CBT to a medication regimen was associated with an increased response rate; choice of antidepressant was not. The groups receiving CBT were significantly more likely to show improvement compared to those who were not undergoing CBT (54.8% [95% CI, 47%-62%] vs 40.5% [95% CI, 33%-48%], number needed to treat [NNT]=7).

WHAT'S NEW?

An alternative that speeds recovery

These 2 studies confirm the value of CBT in treating moderate to severe major depression in combination with antidepressant therapy. TADS provides evidence of both a faster recovery trajectory and lower likelihood of suicidal events with combined treatment. While TORDIA does not demonstrate a quicker recovery in terms of depressed mood or a lower rate of suicidal events, it suggests that for adolescents who do not respond to antidepressants, a referral to CBT will be more effective than a switch to a different drug.

CAVEATS

Approach was not tested with mild depression Telling teens that "brain changes" cause depression may alleviate the stigma and self-blame.

Most adolescents who report depressive symptoms to primary care physicians either do not meet the full criteria for major depression or fall into the mild major depression range.^9-11 Both of these studies enrolled only those with moderate to severe MDD.

There is evidence, however, that such an approach may not be necessary for teens with milder depression. Many earlier studies of psychotherapy alone vs control (wait list or observation) for patients with sub-threshold depressive disorders or mild major depression demonstrated that psychotherapy is effective in treating these less severe depressive states.^7,12 GLAD-PC recommends a 4- to 8-week trial of active monitoring for patients with mild MDD before initiating psychotherapy or medication.²

CHALLENGES TO IMPLEMENTATION

Patient perceptions, stigma

There are 3 major barriers to implementation: patient/parent resistance to psychotherapy, limited access to mental health specialists (lack of supply and insurance coverage limitations), and few quality standards for evidence-based psychotherapeutic approaches in community practice settings.^13-15 Many adolescents have a negative view of therapy and feel stigmatized by a referral to a psychotherapist. They may also have a well-developed rationale as to why such treatment would not work for them.¹⁶

Physicians can help teens overcome these negative perceptions by giving them an opportunity to discuss their concerns—and by clarifying any misconceptions.¹⁷ The idea that “brain changes” cause depression has become popular in recent years,¹⁸ and may provide some relief to those who are troubled by the notion that they are somehow to blame for their depression.¹⁹ Presenting both antidepressant medication and psychotherapy as interventions that “change the way the brain manages mood” may be helpful in alleviating self-blame.

Consider nontraditional approaches

In areas with limited access to mental health specialists, nontraditional approaches may be needed. One such approach is to help patients arrange an initial interview with a psychotherapist, followed by telephone counseling sessions. For patients 18 years or older, MoodGym (http://moodgym.anu.edu.au/welcome) is also an option. This free Internet site incorporates features of standardized CBT and interpersonal therapy, and has demonstrated efficacy in RCTs of adults.²⁰ For those between the Want to learn more about CBT? Check out the web table at the bottom of this article. ages of 14 and 21, CATCH-IT (http://catchit-public.bsd.uchicago.edu)²¹ is another Internet option. The site, which can be accessed by physicians and the general public, focuses on building competencies to reduce current and future depressive symptoms.

In addition, recommend self-help books. While there have been no studies of their value to adolescents, the book with the greatest evidence of efficacy in adults is “Feeling Good: The New Mood Therapy,” by David D. Burns.²²

For your part... Before making referrals to mental health specialists, ask therapists whether they incorporate, and have been trained in, cognitive behavioral therapy. In addition, you can remain involved by asking the psychotherapist for a written treatment plan and by encouraging adolescents (and their families) to fully adhere to it.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Purls Surveillance System is supported in part by Grant Number ul1rr024999 from the National Center For research resources, a Clinical Translational Science Award to the University of Chicago. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Center For research resources or the National Institutes of Health.
Benjamin Van Voorhees is supported by a career development award from the National Institutes of Mental Health (NImHK-08mH072918-01A2).

ILLUSTRATIVE CASE

Jason, a depressed 17-year-old, is brought in by his mother, who’s worried about his mood and lack of motivation. He reports that his mood has “sunk” over the last 2 months. His mother interjects that she suffers from depression herself and that she’s divorced and unable to compensate for the absence of Jason’s father. She also says that her 2 older sons, both of whom Jason is close to, recently moved out of state. Further questioning reveals that Jason has lost interest in school, sports, friends, and his part-time job; he’s pessimistic about the future and feels helpless and stuck. Jason avoids going out and spends hours on the Internet.

You consider prescribing a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), but you’re concerned about the potential suicide risk—a risk that’s already elevated for teens with major depressive disorder (MDD). Would a referral to a therapist be a safer choice? Is psychotherapy alone sufficient? What type of therapy is best? Only about one third of depressed teens achieve complete remission with medication alone.

Depressive disorders are common among adolescents and young adults, affecting nearly 1 in 4 by age 24.⁴ Most seek help from primary care physicians, who typically prescribe SSRIs.⁵ Yet only about one third of depressed teens achieve complete remission with medication alone.¹ For the two thirds who continue to have depressive symptoms, the consequences can be severe. Depressive illness is associated with family conflict, smoking and substance abuse, impaired functioning in school and in relationships, and increased risk of suicide—the third leading cause of death in adolescents.⁶

Drugs, psychotherapy, or both?

While CBT alone was not significantly better than placebo, it had a protective effect on suicidal events.The Guidelines for Adolescent Depression in Primary Care (GLAD-PC), published in November 2007, encourage primary care physicians to take a more active role in detecting and managing adolescent depression.⁷ GLAD-PC and the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry recommend that teens with depressive illness receive psychotherapy, either as primary treatment or in conjunction with antidepressants.^7,8 Until recently, however, that recommendation lacked definitive evidence to support it.

STUDY SUMMARIES

2 studies explore combination approach

TADS (Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study)^2,3 and TORDIA (Treatment of Resistant Depression in Adolescents)¹ are the only 2 randomized trials to address the role of CBT in combination with antidepressants in treating this patient population. Both show a significant benefit when CBT is added to drug therapy.

TADS: Highest improvement rates with fluoxetine and CBT

The TADS team studied 439 adolescents (ages 12 to 17 years) diagnosed with MDD. Patients were evaluated at consent, baseline, and weeks 6, 12, 18, 30, and 36. Those who were already taking antidepressants were excluded, but concurrent therapy for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder was permitted.

Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of the following 12-week treatment options:
•Fluoxetine (10-40 mg/d)
•CBT
•Fluoxetine (10-40 mg/d) + CBT
•Placebo

CBT consisted of 15 sessions over 12 weeks, each lasting 50 to 60 minutes. In addition to individual sessions, 2 parental sessions and 1 to 3 family sessions were included. Primary outcome measures were the Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement Scale (CGI-I), which is based on a clinician’s overall assessment of the patient’s improvement; and the Children’s Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R), which is derived from parent and adolescent interviews.

At 12 weeks, patients receiving fluoxetine and CBT demonstrated the highest rates of improvement: Seventy-one percent (95% confidence interval [CI], 62%-80%) were “much” or “very much” improved, vs 60.6% (95% CI, 51%-70%) of those on fluoxetine alone. In comparison, 43.2% (95% CI, 34%-52%) of patients receiving CBT alone were much or very much improved at the 12-week mark, and only 34.8% (95% CI, 26%-44%) of those on placebo.

At 18 weeks, the medication/CBT combination remained superior to either psychotherapy or fluoxetine alone. By week 30, all 3 intervention groups converged, and at 36 weeks there was virtually no difference in outcomes (FIGURE).

CBT alone has protective effect. While CBT alone was not significantly better than placebo overall, it demonstrated a protective effect with regard to suicidal events (thoughts, threats, or attempts) compared to fluoxetine. Conversely, fluoxetine accelerated the rate of improvement in mood during the first 30 weeks of treatment.

TORDIA: How to help patients after failed treatment

Brent and colleagues studied 334 patients between the ages of 12 and 18 years who were diagnosed with MDD but did not respond to initial SSRI therapy. After a 4-week trial, they were reevaluated and tapered off the medication, then randomly assigned to 1 of the following treatment groups for 12 weeks:
•Switched to a new SSRI
•Switched to venlafaxine (a selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor)
•Switched to a new SSRI + CBT
•Switched to venlafaxine + CBT

All patients were reevaluated at week 12. Here, too, the CGI-I and CDRS-R were used for key outcome measures.

Adding CBT to a medication regimen was associated with an increased response rate; choice of antidepressant was not. The groups receiving CBT were significantly more likely to show improvement compared to those who were not undergoing CBT (54.8% [95% CI, 47%-62%] vs 40.5% [95% CI, 33%-48%], number needed to treat [NNT]=7).

WHAT'S NEW?

An alternative that speeds recovery

These 2 studies confirm the value of CBT in treating moderate to severe major depression in combination with antidepressant therapy. TADS provides evidence of both a faster recovery trajectory and lower likelihood of suicidal events with combined treatment. While TORDIA does not demonstrate a quicker recovery in terms of depressed mood or a lower rate of suicidal events, it suggests that for adolescents who do not respond to antidepressants, a referral to CBT will be more effective than a switch to a different drug.

CAVEATS

Approach was not tested with mild depression Telling teens that "brain changes" cause depression may alleviate the stigma and self-blame.

Most adolescents who report depressive symptoms to primary care physicians either do not meet the full criteria for major depression or fall into the mild major depression range.^9-11 Both of these studies enrolled only those with moderate to severe MDD.

There is evidence, however, that such an approach may not be necessary for teens with milder depression. Many earlier studies of psychotherapy alone vs control (wait list or observation) for patients with sub-threshold depressive disorders or mild major depression demonstrated that psychotherapy is effective in treating these less severe depressive states.^7,12 GLAD-PC recommends a 4- to 8-week trial of active monitoring for patients with mild MDD before initiating psychotherapy or medication.²

CHALLENGES TO IMPLEMENTATION

Patient perceptions, stigma

There are 3 major barriers to implementation: patient/parent resistance to psychotherapy, limited access to mental health specialists (lack of supply and insurance coverage limitations), and few quality standards for evidence-based psychotherapeutic approaches in community practice settings.^13-15 Many adolescents have a negative view of therapy and feel stigmatized by a referral to a psychotherapist. They may also have a well-developed rationale as to why such treatment would not work for them.¹⁶

Physicians can help teens overcome these negative perceptions by giving them an opportunity to discuss their concerns—and by clarifying any misconceptions.¹⁷ The idea that “brain changes” cause depression has become popular in recent years,¹⁸ and may provide some relief to those who are troubled by the notion that they are somehow to blame for their depression.¹⁹ Presenting both antidepressant medication and psychotherapy as interventions that “change the way the brain manages mood” may be helpful in alleviating self-blame.

Consider nontraditional approaches

In areas with limited access to mental health specialists, nontraditional approaches may be needed. One such approach is to help patients arrange an initial interview with a psychotherapist, followed by telephone counseling sessions. For patients 18 years or older, MoodGym (http://moodgym.anu.edu.au/welcome) is also an option. This free Internet site incorporates features of standardized CBT and interpersonal therapy, and has demonstrated efficacy in RCTs of adults.²⁰ For those between the Want to learn more about CBT? Check out the web table at the bottom of this article. ages of 14 and 21, CATCH-IT (http://catchit-public.bsd.uchicago.edu)²¹ is another Internet option. The site, which can be accessed by physicians and the general public, focuses on building competencies to reduce current and future depressive symptoms.

In addition, recommend self-help books. While there have been no studies of their value to adolescents, the book with the greatest evidence of efficacy in adults is “Feeling Good: The New Mood Therapy,” by David D. Burns.²²

For your part... Before making referrals to mental health specialists, ask therapists whether they incorporate, and have been trained in, cognitive behavioral therapy. In addition, you can remain involved by asking the psychotherapist for a written treatment plan and by encouraging adolescents (and their families) to fully adhere to it.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Purls Surveillance System is supported in part by Grant Number ul1rr024999 from the National Center For research resources, a Clinical Translational Science Award to the University of Chicago. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Center For research resources or the National Institutes of Health.
Benjamin Van Voorhees is supported by a career development award from the National Institutes of Mental Health (NImHK-08mH072918-01A2).